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I

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affairs officer space science welcome

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today to the beginning of day two of the

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world's watching the comet impacting

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Jupiter following a very successful

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first night of observing we're here at

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the Goddard Space Flight Center and

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Maryland today and with us we will have

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some panelists discuss the results of

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last night's observing from around the

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world and from the Hubble telescope I'd

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like to introduce first of all Jean

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shoemaker who was a astronomer with

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Lowell Observatory and a professor with

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the US Geological Survey to his left his

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wife Carolyn shoemaker also an

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astronomer with the US Geological Survey

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and the Lowell Observatory to my

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immediate left David Levy amateur

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astronomer and author and co-discoverer

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with the shoemaker's of this connor and

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to his left we have Heidi Hammel from

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massachusetts institute of technology

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with the Space Telescope Science

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Institute imaging team and I'd like to

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start off with Jean shoemaker thanks Don

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well many of you know we had an

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absolutely incredible night last night

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when we knew for the first time they

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were we were really going to see some

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exciting results the first tense came in

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from Colorado Spain and from la SIA and

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Chile and just about the time we were

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giving our first announcement I'm not

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Heidi came up from the bowels of the

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Space Telescope Science Institute waving

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a picture and showing that indeed Hubble

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was producing fantastic images so how

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he's going to tell you into some detail

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now about that a little bit later to

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bring you up to date fragments ABC and D

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have now all hit the planet there are

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observations on the first three of these

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that will be able to report on D has

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just come down this morning and we're

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not quite ready to give you any up

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on that we're going to have observations

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on we'll show you an observation from

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Sarah to low low in Chile the

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inter-american Observatory in Chile and

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we have reports that are coming up then

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from the NASA infrared telescope

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facility and from the Keck Observatory

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on Mauna Kea in Hawaii but first Heidi

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will tell you about all the excitement

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that was happening at the Space

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Telescope Science Institute last night

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Heidi Thank You gene it was indeed very

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exciting I think we were all incredibly

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astonished at what we saw last night and

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I'm not going to waste any time i'm

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going to show you that first image again

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this is a 4 10 nanometers that's four

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thousand angstroms blue wavelengths you

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can see jupiter on the right and what

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you see on the left is a blow-up of the

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impact site from fragment a this is the

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first feature that went into the plant

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the first large fragment that went into

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the planet you can see the blue

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wavelengths that it is very dark very

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dark indeed we're speculating at this

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point as to our that might be we think

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that possibly what we're mostly seeing

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is cometary material at this point

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because comets are very dark too I

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expected to see a bright future myself

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so I was a little bit surprised to see

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this lovely black splotch on Jupiter it

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looks somewhat like a streak there in

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the center we're beginning to think that

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perhaps that's just a projection effect

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we think when we do the measurements of

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that outer Oriole perhaps that's the

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wood we might use and measure the

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latitudes and longitudes very carefully

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it appears that that larger spreading is

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circular and then it only looks like

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like that your lips because it's down

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near the edge of the planet at same for

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that central streak we're not sure

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exactly what the size of that is to give

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you a scale that box the blow-up box is

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to earth diameters so that feature is a

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good good fraction of the size of the

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earth we can be very good

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add that this comment was heading for

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Jupiter not the earth now the next way

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image that I'll show you is that a very

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different wavelength this is it's a red

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wavelengths which showed the next image

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m ec inverts this is a very strong

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methane band nine thousand angstroms

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methane is a molecule that absorbs

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photons very efficiently and so Jupiter

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is very dark the only place that jupiter

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is bright at this wavelength is where

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you have particles at high altitudes you

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can see the Great Red Spot very clearly

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it's a high altitude feature it's bright

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the poles are bright now look at the

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comet site it's right that was likely to

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mean it's a high altitude feature so

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that was very interesting to see at all

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the other wavelengths that feature was

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dark that would clarify that at all the

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wavelengths that Hubble was observing

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the visual the ultraviolet and even nine

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thousand five hundred angstroms it was

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dark it's bright in the methane band and

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it's bright in the infrared observations

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that will hear about later now I would

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like to show you one of the most

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exciting things that we saw last night

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absolutely knocked our socks off and we

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saw this this is a plume sequence and

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you can see this is hot off the press

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and we're just taking a picture of a

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laser copy hold up it's a sequence from

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top to bottom in the first image the

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impact has not occurred at 2018 a has

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gone in and sent out a fireball that

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extends beyond the limb of the planet

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you can see a clear separation between

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that fireball and the Terminator of

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Jupiter and we think at this point that

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we're seeing the shadow of Jupiter on

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the fireball and the third image you can

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see that this fireball is spreading the

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fourth image is spreading even more and

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in the bottom image it's a flat little

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pancake it's absolutely amazing I mean

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there were theories about this but we

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really didn't in our heart of hearts

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expect to see it in the first impact we

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are expected to see it at the

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when we are very close to the limb this

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is not particularly close to the limb

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this is a massive thing we're talking a

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thousand fifteen hundred kilometers

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above the limb of Jupiter so that's

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pretty astounding we are just

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flabbergasted so I also have a video of

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Hubble images that are taking pre impact

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and I'm showing you this so that you can

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see the kind of detail that's on Jupiter

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already and also to set you up because

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one week from now we're going to give

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you another movie showing what Jupiter

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looks like after the impacts and that

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will be a very interesting comparison so

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if we can run this video reminder this

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is a pre impact video just to show you

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the amazing quality of the images from

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the Hubble Space Telescope after its

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refurbishment mission this is the wide

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field camera we will also be taking

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close-up views of the impact sites in

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the planetary camera which has a factor

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of 2 greater resolution and I am really

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looking forward to seeing those images

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thank you ok that's great hiding maybe

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Kelvin will tell us a little bit about

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the excitement we were having last night

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all right we have a reaction tape from

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the OSS that talks about celebration I

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think you know that we just all

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literally hit the ceiling when we heard

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the results it was too exciting to to

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believe and it's something that will

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always remember the reactions i think

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from all over the world show that

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excitement can we have that b roll so

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it's you can usually see people looking

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eagerly to

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you're tidy examining the image to

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select earnestly we all did every single

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one of them just have us breathtaking

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and you there's how we were hard all of

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the tune universe' there does you can

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see these people have worked extremely

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hard get the results and they were all

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filled and we all closes baby hiding is

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still excited don't worry I didn't know

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right there what a great time oh great

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Alyssa Vita hasn't moved she's still

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looking puzzled the infamous bottle of

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champagne Lewis was martyred everyone

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was ready to celebrate ok that's

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wonderful killed well David let's let's

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hear about some of the other early

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reports ok yeah Heidi we have to work on

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getting a little more enthusiastic well

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I thought we would have to make stuff up

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and i don't know if i'm going to say

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everything that I need to say we started

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observing getting observations from

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Keller alto and Spain impact a was

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observed with the 3.5 liter telescope

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there the plume appeared now the the

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observation of a plume is absolutely

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amazing it was as Heidi said it was not

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expected for this fragment this the

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later ones especially w at the end is

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going to be really quite close to the

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limb and to get so much from this first

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little impact I'm wondering if we could

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take a look at that picture of the comet

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behind us with a over there look look

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how small rod is compared to what's

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coming later on I mean look at G over

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here I mean where this is just the the

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Orchestra warming up

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so from La Palma with the two point

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meter telescope there were they the

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impact site was visible sorry Mel the

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impact site was visible in images

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obtained with the one meter capoten

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telescope from La Palma there is a

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report that if concern confirmed is

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really interesting of a visual sighting

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of the meteors from the wise Observatory

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that's as the flashes as the comet

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started to go into Jupiter's upper

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atmosphere and behaved as abnormal

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meteor would on earth but the meteors on

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earth that we see in the night sky are

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objects the size of a pea or a grain of

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sand this is the impact of something

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that's at least one kilometer in

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diameter coming into Jupiter possibly

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seen the two independent observations

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were made with small telescopes they

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would pour in a possible sighting of a

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brief sharp flash by brief we mean less

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than one second duration near the limb

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near the edge of Jupiter and it was at

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the approximately correct location Jim

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Scotti who was at the wise observatory

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at the time has asked me to be really

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careful with this report I don't want to

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it needs to be mentioned because it's

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out on all the electronic mail but I

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don't want to put a whole lot of

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credence into it just yet until if we

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get other observations of other flashes

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but because there are these two reports

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it means that other flashes could be

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visible with people using small

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telescopes if this is true and I don't

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know that it is I'd like to be be

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conservative and say it probably isn't

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but it means that people with small

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telescopes who know exactly where to

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look on the limb of Jupiter at the right

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time do have a chance of seeing future

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flashes amateur astronomers should

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really this is a red alert for amateur

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astronomers with small telescopes there

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was an observation from the point four

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meter that's a 16 inch telescope in

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western Massachusetts

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they saw a bright spot at the impact on

274
00:13:13,960 --> 00:13:10,570
this is the impact site for fragment a

275
00:13:16,930 --> 00:13:13,970
the South Pole infrared Explorer 60

276
00:13:19,300 --> 00:13:16,940
centimeter telescope has detected the

277
00:13:23,170 --> 00:13:19,310
plume from frag grenades being detected

278
00:13:27,040 --> 00:13:23,180
all over the place fragmin be was also

279
00:13:29,200 --> 00:13:27,050
detected from the Keck telescope and not

280
00:13:30,820 --> 00:13:29,210
detected from a number of other sites

281
00:13:32,800 --> 00:13:30,830
that would have expected to detect

282
00:13:35,770 --> 00:13:32,810
fragment be if you look back at that

283
00:13:37,510 --> 00:13:35,780
picture though take notice that fragment

284
00:13:43,090 --> 00:13:37,520
B which is the second one there is not

285
00:13:46,630 --> 00:13:43,100
exactly on the line of a vintage on the

286
00:13:49,900 --> 00:13:46,640
line of comets there that's a good one B

287
00:13:51,760 --> 00:13:49,910
is a little bit above it and we

288
00:13:53,770 --> 00:13:51,770
interpret that as being that that

289
00:13:56,530 --> 00:13:53,780
fragment split off from the main comment

290
00:14:00,070 --> 00:13:56,540
after july seventh nineteen ninety-two

291
00:14:02,800 --> 00:14:00,080
when the main comet split apart and if

292
00:14:05,140 --> 00:14:02,810
this and and the fact that fragment see

293
00:14:08,110 --> 00:14:05,150
which is right on the line was also

294
00:14:11,470 --> 00:14:08,120
detected and detected so strongly I

295
00:14:14,980 --> 00:14:11,480
think we can doing a little bit of arm

296
00:14:16,840 --> 00:14:14,990
waving here suggests that the fragment

297
00:14:19,750 --> 00:14:16,850
be and all of the other fragments that

298
00:14:21,820 --> 00:14:19,760
are off the line might be weaker they

299
00:14:24,790 --> 00:14:21,830
might be more loosely held together more

300
00:14:26,560 --> 00:14:24,800
more of a rubble pile than a and the

301
00:14:28,870 --> 00:14:26,570
other fragments that split up right at

302
00:14:35,710 --> 00:14:28,880
the time of closest approach back in

303
00:14:38,490 --> 00:14:35,720
1992 we have a lot of other observations

304
00:14:41,350 --> 00:14:38,500
d just came down about an hour ago and

305
00:14:44,020 --> 00:14:41,360
we don't have any any observations of

306
00:14:45,550 --> 00:14:44,030
that yet they will be coming in very

307
00:14:50,170 --> 00:14:45,560
soon I think I'll give a thank you note

308
00:14:51,700 --> 00:14:50,180
G ok thanks well early this morning we

309
00:14:53,680 --> 00:14:51,710
heard from James Graham at the

310
00:14:55,300 --> 00:14:53,690
University of California reporting on

311
00:14:59,050 --> 00:14:55,310
fragments a and C from the Keck

312
00:15:01,720 --> 00:14:59,060
Observatory on Mauna Kea and I think

313
00:15:04,300 --> 00:15:01,730
week if we can roll now those

314
00:15:07,150 --> 00:15:04,310
observations and we should have a direct

315
00:15:10,990 --> 00:15:07,160
audio before can't front lace

316
00:15:12,790 --> 00:15:11,000
when the second impact was jus and we

317
00:15:18,910 --> 00:15:12,800
thought distinct signature of the plume

318
00:15:22,210 --> 00:15:18,920
of one of the only impacts and topical

319
00:15:27,119 --> 00:15:22,220
images show very bright features on the

320
00:15:30,550 --> 00:15:27,129
surface of Jupiter at the impact site

321
00:15:33,369 --> 00:15:30,560
incredibly bright very clear very

322
00:15:36,129 --> 00:15:33,379
spectacular event one of the things that

323
00:15:38,530 --> 00:15:36,139
that surprises just how bright these

324
00:15:40,509 --> 00:15:38,540
events are and so the thing that the

325
00:15:42,850 --> 00:15:40,519
check the advantage the church has is

326
00:15:45,100 --> 00:15:42,860
that can see much fainter things going

327
00:15:47,829 --> 00:15:45,110
on in particular what I experiments that

328
00:15:49,769 --> 00:15:47,839
we did this evening that will take some

329
00:15:53,470 --> 00:15:49,779
more time to analyze was looking at

330
00:15:55,629 --> 00:15:53,480
jupiters ring and that has the advantage

331
00:15:58,210 --> 00:15:55,639
is that by looking at reflected light

332
00:16:00,369 --> 00:15:58,220
off the rain we can sense view the

333
00:16:03,189 --> 00:16:00,379
impact fight directly so hopefully when

334
00:16:05,829 --> 00:16:03,199
we look at that data carefully we will

335
00:16:13,840 --> 00:16:05,839
see the initial flash when the comet

336
00:16:19,710 --> 00:16:13,850
fragment hit Jupiter let's go on then we

337
00:16:23,400 --> 00:16:19,720
have an image now from fragment a impact

338
00:16:26,290 --> 00:16:23,410
from Sarah to low low in la serena chile

339
00:16:28,509 --> 00:16:26,300
this is this is an image now coming up

340
00:16:33,309 --> 00:16:28,519
from John Spencer of Lowell Observatory

341
00:16:35,139 --> 00:16:33,319
who's down at serif to low low and Louis

342
00:16:38,139 --> 00:16:35,149
it doesn't look great they grant

343
00:16:41,410 --> 00:16:38,149
imagenext for the gram images next we

344
00:16:45,910 --> 00:16:41,420
just had Grail there it is oh here's his

345
00:16:48,639 --> 00:16:45,920
image ok image that directly is a

346
00:16:50,769 --> 00:16:48,649
picture from the Keck telescope did an

347
00:16:53,620 --> 00:16:50,779
infrared picture at the wavelength of

348
00:16:57,100 --> 00:16:53,630
3.3 microns which is but six times the

349
00:16:59,350 --> 00:16:57,110
wavelength of visible light the features

350
00:17:02,740 --> 00:16:59,360
that you see are the bright polar caps

351
00:17:03,769 --> 00:17:02,750
which are always present and just the

352
00:17:07,419 --> 00:17:03,779
equator is

353
00:17:10,720 --> 00:17:07,429
the storm system of the red spot but

354
00:17:12,980 --> 00:17:10,730
Pfeifer's about the minus 40 degrees

355
00:17:15,110 --> 00:17:12,990
must roll out features which are the

356
00:17:17,960 --> 00:17:15,120
aftermath of the comet impacts of the

357
00:17:21,079 --> 00:17:17,970
curious evening the brightest part of

358
00:17:28,270 --> 00:17:21,089
the very first impact the one the S on

359
00:17:35,270 --> 00:17:33,289
and test a fantastic I'm like I might

360
00:17:37,850 --> 00:17:35,280
make just insert the comment there that

361
00:17:39,830 --> 00:17:37,860
it's very clear that these impact sites

362
00:17:41,690 --> 00:17:39,840
are going to remain visible we've seen

363
00:17:44,600 --> 00:17:41,700
one now go through a complete rotation

364
00:17:46,909 --> 00:17:44,610
we may see a whole string of these now

365
00:17:48,980 --> 00:17:46,919
by the end of the week lighting up that

366
00:17:51,620 --> 00:17:48,990
latitude band on Jupiter string of

367
00:17:54,590 --> 00:17:51,630
pearls that's another string of four

368
00:17:58,399 --> 00:17:54,600
Carolyn okay now I think we should have

369
00:18:04,279 --> 00:17:58,409
the coming up next on the screen John

370
00:18:08,480 --> 00:18:04,289
Spencer's image from Sarah to Lola and

371
00:18:11,029 --> 00:18:08,490
there it is again a John is going to

372
00:18:14,270 --> 00:18:11,039
give us a report tomorrow so we'll have

373
00:18:16,070 --> 00:18:14,280
him an audio at that time but I think

374
00:18:19,159 --> 00:18:16,080
you can see that we're getting good

375
00:18:21,440 --> 00:18:19,169
images now from many telescopes around

376
00:18:25,130 --> 00:18:21,450
the world that's that's the impact site

377
00:18:26,990 --> 00:18:25,140
for a we also heard from Glenn Orton at

378
00:18:30,500 --> 00:18:27,000
the at nasa's infrared telescope

379
00:18:33,470 --> 00:18:30,510
facility at mauna kea who filed the

380
00:18:40,639 --> 00:18:33,480
report now that we're going to see again

381
00:18:43,279 --> 00:18:40,649
on fragment a very clearly had

382
00:18:47,539 --> 00:18:43,289
introduced the new cloud which was quite

383
00:18:50,299 --> 00:18:47,549
long oh when we observed the plume from

384
00:18:52,610 --> 00:18:50,309
C was clearly at the same latitude but

385
00:18:56,820 --> 00:18:52,620
at first very difficult to distinguish

386
00:18:59,880 --> 00:18:56,830
from the holiday that is the final

387
00:19:02,759 --> 00:18:59,890
and time passed the plume from sea

388
00:19:05,490 --> 00:19:02,769
became very much brighter several times

389
00:19:06,899 --> 00:19:05,500
brighter than that cloud the cloud from

390
00:19:10,350 --> 00:19:06,909
the a fragment that turned out to be

391
00:19:15,360 --> 00:19:10,360
about the same brightness as the north

392
00:19:17,299 --> 00:19:15,370
and south polar caps I'm very ecstatic

393
00:19:20,159 --> 00:19:17,309
about any of this witnessing this is

394
00:19:22,710 --> 00:19:20,169
kind of amazing and what what's amazing

395
00:19:25,490 --> 00:19:22,720
about both of these is the fact that

396
00:19:27,930 --> 00:19:25,500
being see are both rather faint objects

397
00:19:31,560 --> 00:19:27,940
certainly in the thermal improv in the

398
00:19:34,080 --> 00:19:31,570
near infrared so fmg are known to be

399
00:19:36,000 --> 00:19:34,090
much bigger I'm much brighter in there

400
00:19:38,460 --> 00:19:36,010
for a specially mirror they're both much

401
00:19:42,990 --> 00:19:38,470
baby spiders biggest objects than a and

402
00:19:45,180 --> 00:19:43,000
so this is going to be a real show okay

403
00:19:47,580 --> 00:19:45,190
I guess we're going to see Glen's actual

404
00:19:54,930 --> 00:19:47,590
images tomorrow so we'll have an update

405
00:19:57,120 --> 00:19:54,940
their from from glenarden I guess at

406
00:19:59,549 --> 00:19:57,130
this point we turn it back to you don

407
00:20:02,430 --> 00:19:59,559
okay yeah well then we'll turn it over

408
00:20:04,620 --> 00:20:02,440
to reporters here at the Goddard Space

409
00:20:06,600 --> 00:20:04,630
Flight Center for Q&A and then we'll

410
00:20:08,820 --> 00:20:06,610
check with our other centers to see if

411
00:20:11,460 --> 00:20:08,830
we have questions there let's start here

412
00:20:12,659 --> 00:20:11,470
in the front and please wait for the

413
00:20:16,500 --> 00:20:12,669
microphone is state your name and

414
00:20:18,149 --> 00:20:16,510
affiliation I've cooked news day and you

415
00:20:20,070 --> 00:20:18,159
had a chance to think about why it might

416
00:20:22,980 --> 00:20:20,080
be dark in terms of chemical terms or

417
00:20:25,289 --> 00:20:22,990
something like that I think we're going

418
00:20:28,200 --> 00:20:25,299
to wait to answer that question until we

419
00:20:30,049 --> 00:20:28,210
get some spectroscopy we actually have

420
00:20:33,060 --> 00:20:30,059
been getting some reports a very

421
00:20:35,759 --> 00:20:33,070
interesting chemistry going on some of

422
00:20:38,549 --> 00:20:35,769
the telescopes in Hawaii have reported I

423
00:20:40,350 --> 00:20:38,559
don't I don't know how much detail I can

424
00:20:41,850 --> 00:20:40,360
go into at this point but I think I'll

425
00:20:50,659 --> 00:20:41,860
leave it at saying that the the

426
00:20:54,960 --> 00:20:52,980
Miles O'Brien with CNN let's talk what

427
00:20:55,940 --> 00:20:54,970
about the significance of seeing those

428
00:20:58,840 --> 00:20:55,950
plumes

429
00:21:01,039 --> 00:20:58,850
or fragment a not something you expected

430
00:21:02,779 --> 00:21:01,049
just the significance of being able to

431
00:21:04,759 --> 00:21:02,789
see that first of all and then what you

432
00:21:08,180 --> 00:21:04,769
might think we might see on some of

433
00:21:12,049 --> 00:21:08,190
these potentially larger fragments well

434
00:21:15,139 --> 00:21:12,059
miles I showed a theoretical prediction

435
00:21:18,409 --> 00:21:15,149
last night for the plumes as I look at

436
00:21:20,990 --> 00:21:18,419
the plumes that Heidi showed us now in

437
00:21:24,110 --> 00:21:21,000
that sequence it looks to me as though

438
00:21:26,840 --> 00:21:24,120
the prediction is bang-on you in terms

439
00:21:29,779 --> 00:21:26,850
of the timing you get a plume growing up

440
00:21:33,019 --> 00:21:29,789
to a tall column it cools at the top and

441
00:21:35,210 --> 00:21:33,029
then it collapses and flattens and flows

442
00:21:36,350 --> 00:21:35,220
out and spreads out at the base and I

443
00:21:38,870 --> 00:21:36,360
think you can see that whole sequence

444
00:21:40,789 --> 00:21:38,880
and if I remember the times correctly

445
00:21:42,470 --> 00:21:40,799
that I saw in Heidi's images we're

446
00:21:46,519 --> 00:21:42,480
looking at a time interval of about

447
00:21:49,460 --> 00:21:46,529
eight or nine minutes isn't it 18 27

448
00:21:51,950 --> 00:21:49,470
minus 18 yeah nine minutes 9 minutes I'm

449
00:21:53,750 --> 00:21:51,960
talked about and so we really expected

450
00:21:56,269 --> 00:21:53,760
the plume to start to collapse after

451
00:21:58,340 --> 00:21:56,279
about five minutes and flow out and

452
00:21:59,990 --> 00:21:58,350
spread and I think that's exactly what

453
00:22:02,060 --> 00:22:00,000
you're seeing it's a and I think that's

454
00:22:04,820 --> 00:22:02,070
a beautiful testimony to the prediction

455
00:22:06,919 --> 00:22:04,830
that was made by Paul hassock of Titan

456
00:22:09,860 --> 00:22:06,929
research corporation who did that model

457
00:22:12,919 --> 00:22:09,870
on and what it also is saying is to get

458
00:22:15,259 --> 00:22:12,929
that size plume we are in fact dealing

459
00:22:17,000 --> 00:22:15,269
with an object that had the energy of at

460
00:22:19,279 --> 00:22:17,010
least a kilometer sized object maybe

461
00:22:21,080 --> 00:22:19,289
even a little bit bigger there so that

462
00:22:23,539 --> 00:22:21,090
means there's a lot of stuff even in

463
00:22:25,700 --> 00:22:23,549
these smaller fragments the implication

464
00:22:28,850 --> 00:22:25,710
is that the later fragments will

465
00:22:35,090 --> 00:22:28,860
probably be even more extended and

466
00:22:37,320 --> 00:22:35,100
larger yep Cathy oh ok we'll do a

467
00:22:40,140 --> 00:22:37,330
follow-up

468
00:22:42,540 --> 00:22:40,150
you said earlier many times gene that

469
00:22:44,340 --> 00:22:42,550
all your career you'd hope to witness

470
00:22:48,270 --> 00:22:44,350
something like this you've studied

471
00:22:49,770 --> 00:22:48,280
craters the the residue of something

472
00:22:57,120 --> 00:22:49,780
like this now having seen one run of

473
00:22:59,250 --> 00:22:57,130
your thoughts love you sooo beyond the

474
00:23:01,590 --> 00:22:59,260
fact that we feel enormously relieved

475
00:23:04,590 --> 00:23:01,600
that they're really big objects there

476
00:23:07,350 --> 00:23:04,600
that are going to give us a show it

477
00:23:08,520 --> 00:23:07,360
gives me a very warm feeling that we can

478
00:23:11,280 --> 00:23:08,530
affect you some of the most

479
00:23:13,140 --> 00:23:11,290
sophisticated numerical models that have

480
00:23:15,420 --> 00:23:13,150
been developed with intensive effort

481
00:23:17,550 --> 00:23:15,430
over the last three decades and find

482
00:23:20,250 --> 00:23:17,560
that they really work on this enormous

483
00:23:22,650 --> 00:23:20,260
scale and that we really can gain a

484
00:23:24,060 --> 00:23:22,660
close theoretical understanding of what

485
00:23:26,400 --> 00:23:24,070
is happening with each one of these

486
00:23:31,590 --> 00:23:26,410
impacts I think I feel very good about

487
00:23:35,670 --> 00:23:31,600
that Kathy Kathy Sawyer the Washington

488
00:23:38,430 --> 00:23:35,680
Post for gene can you tell me roughly

489
00:23:43,320 --> 00:23:38,440
what altitude you think the dark splotch

490
00:23:47,900 --> 00:23:43,330
is residing at currently if it's fixed

491
00:23:51,210 --> 00:23:47,910
in a place and what's there what what

492
00:23:52,950 --> 00:23:51,220
gases are at that level to the extent

493
00:23:56,060 --> 00:23:52,960
that you know or could this be material

494
00:23:58,980 --> 00:23:56,070
that's been exposed from the interior

495
00:24:01,620 --> 00:23:58,990
possibly the model calculations would

496
00:24:04,110 --> 00:24:01,630
indicate that the largest part of the

497
00:24:06,660 --> 00:24:04,120
material in that dark splotch actually

498
00:24:09,150 --> 00:24:06,670
consists of jovian atmosphere that's

499
00:24:12,180 --> 00:24:09,160
been dredged up from beneath the ammonia

500
00:24:15,030 --> 00:24:12,190
cloud tops but it will contain almost

501
00:24:17,520 --> 00:24:15,040
all of the cometary material as well so

502
00:24:19,200 --> 00:24:17,530
this is heidi said there's there's got

503
00:24:21,300 --> 00:24:19,210
to be some wonderful chemistry going on

504
00:24:23,640 --> 00:24:21,310
remember all of this stuff got very hot

505
00:24:26,220 --> 00:24:23,650
we're talking about the initial fireball

506
00:24:28,530 --> 00:24:26,230
temperatures in the range of 30,000

507
00:24:31,440 --> 00:24:28,540
degrees Kelvin and then it cools off

508
00:24:33,240 --> 00:24:31,450
from there and so there's some chemistry

509
00:24:35,720 --> 00:24:33,250
that I think we don't really know how to

510
00:24:39,510 --> 00:24:35,730
model just what those constituents are

511
00:24:41,670 --> 00:24:39,520
that make it dark and bright at the

512
00:24:42,930 --> 00:24:41,680
relative wavelengths is is something

513
00:24:45,930 --> 00:24:42,940
that's still going to take a lot of work

514
00:24:48,630 --> 00:24:45,940
the the altitude at which you're seeing

515
00:24:49,550 --> 00:24:48,640
that reside later on I think you got a

516
00:24:51,920 --> 00:24:49,560
hit from that

517
00:24:54,680 --> 00:24:51,930
from the limb profile but it's probably

518
00:24:56,600 --> 00:24:54,690
of the order most of it will be of the

519
00:24:59,150 --> 00:24:56,610
order of a couple hundred kilometers I

520
00:25:00,710 --> 00:24:59,160
think above the ammonia cloud top so

521
00:25:02,570 --> 00:25:00,720
you'd like to comment on that honey I

522
00:25:05,510 --> 00:25:02,580
think that that's where we're heading

523
00:25:07,340 --> 00:25:05,520
right now to mostly based on the methane

524
00:25:10,760 --> 00:25:07,350
band image where we saw this material

525
00:25:12,890 --> 00:25:10,770
very bright similar brightness to the

526
00:25:14,990 --> 00:25:12,900
Great Red Spot for example if we could

527
00:25:19,130 --> 00:25:15,000
show the methane band image which is the

528
00:25:20,540 --> 00:25:19,140
the second graphic by seeing this thing

529
00:25:22,700 --> 00:25:20,550
fighting the methane bands and

530
00:25:25,310 --> 00:25:22,710
particularly in all the infrared images

531
00:25:27,560 --> 00:25:25,320
too we know that it's got to be

532
00:25:29,750 --> 00:25:27,570
relatively high I think we're going to

533
00:25:32,090 --> 00:25:29,760
have to wait for more detailed analysis

534
00:25:37,940 --> 00:25:32,100
before we can give us a firm number on

535
00:25:40,160 --> 00:25:37,950
that back here third round Debra's a

536
00:25:42,710 --> 00:25:40,170
prank oh I work for Reuters what can you

537
00:25:44,960 --> 00:25:42,720
tell us about what permanent effects

538
00:25:47,330 --> 00:25:44,970
this might have on Jupiter these these

539
00:25:49,880 --> 00:25:47,340
impacts seem to be brighter bigger you

540
00:25:52,190 --> 00:25:49,890
know altogether more than them you were

541
00:25:53,600 --> 00:25:52,200
predicting and now that these look like

542
00:25:55,850 --> 00:25:53,610
they're gonna be lasting features of the

543
00:25:59,510 --> 00:25:55,860
planet how's it going to change is there

544
00:26:01,600 --> 00:25:59,520
anything you know at this point you

545
00:26:04,280 --> 00:26:01,610
oughta try it yeah I'll give it a whirl

546
00:26:07,160 --> 00:26:04,290
well we we don't we won't know for a few

547
00:26:10,180 --> 00:26:07,170
days I think how long did these features

548
00:26:13,220 --> 00:26:10,190
are it could be a very tenuous

549
00:26:15,530 --> 00:26:13,230
deposition of material that splotch and

550
00:26:17,690 --> 00:26:15,540
the zonal winds on Jupiter are pretty

551
00:26:20,030 --> 00:26:17,700
strong so they could cheer it out and

552
00:26:22,340 --> 00:26:20,040
spread it out based on what we've seen

553
00:26:24,920 --> 00:26:22,350
however just from the the few that we've

554
00:26:28,250 --> 00:26:24,930
seen it looks pretty clear that that

555
00:26:33,010 --> 00:26:28,260
whole band of latitude is going to be

556
00:26:35,240 --> 00:26:33,020
pockmarked with these impact sites and

557
00:26:36,740 --> 00:26:35,250
heaven only knows what I'm going to show

558
00:26:39,320 --> 00:26:36,750
you a week from now and I'll show you

559
00:26:41,630 --> 00:26:39,330
that movie yeah except that we're not at

560
00:26:43,880 --> 00:26:41,640
the moment expecting that these impact

561
00:26:45,530 --> 00:26:43,890
sites and whatever is forming are going

562
00:26:47,510 --> 00:26:45,540
to last permanently there they're very

563
00:26:49,400 --> 00:26:47,520
brief we're expecting that they will

564
00:26:51,620 --> 00:26:49,410
disappear within a matter of days or

565
00:26:53,480 --> 00:26:51,630
weeks I don't think Bob West would agree

566
00:26:56,810 --> 00:26:53,490
with that one no you've got a

567
00:26:58,780 --> 00:26:56,820
program yeah absolutely we're dumping a

568
00:27:01,850 --> 00:26:58,790
lot of material in the stratosphere and

569
00:27:03,860 --> 00:27:01,860
you know as we see on in the earth when

570
00:27:05,419 --> 00:27:03,870
Pinatubo erupted and you through all

571
00:27:07,790 --> 00:27:05,429
that material in the stratosphere of the

572
00:27:09,560 --> 00:27:07,800
earth it hung around for a long time we

573
00:27:12,500 --> 00:27:09,570
were seeing beautiful sunsets for a very

574
00:27:13,910 --> 00:27:12,510
long time so you know this stuff could

575
00:27:16,130 --> 00:27:13,920
hang around in the stratosphere of

576
00:27:17,840 --> 00:27:16,140
Jupiter for a while and we have programs

577
00:27:20,000 --> 00:27:17,850
on the Hubble and many other

578
00:27:23,480 --> 00:27:20,010
ground-based telescopes to look for that

579
00:27:26,030 --> 00:27:23,490
for a week after a month after many

580
00:27:27,320 --> 00:27:26,040
months after and we will be able to tell

581
00:27:29,720 --> 00:27:27,330
you until we've done those observations

582
00:27:31,549 --> 00:27:29,730
how long it's going to hang around this

583
00:27:33,230 --> 00:27:31,559
may be one of the surprises we were

584
00:27:37,460 --> 00:27:33,240
looking for yeah I'm going to stop being

585
00:27:40,520 --> 00:27:37,470
conservative maybe what you were leading

586
00:27:42,470 --> 00:27:40,530
to heidi is that you know as a higher

587
00:27:44,450 --> 00:27:42,480
altitude of stuff spreads out there

588
00:27:46,430 --> 00:27:44,460
there's going to be a haze band very

589
00:27:49,100 --> 00:27:46,440
likely something that will be readily

590
00:27:50,480 --> 00:27:49,110
observable even with a small telescope

591
00:27:51,950 --> 00:27:50,490
on the ground that maybe have broad

592
00:27:53,600 --> 00:27:51,960
enough feature that will be seen for

593
00:27:55,340 --> 00:27:53,610
some time which i think is exciting for

594
00:27:59,060 --> 00:27:55,350
all everybody it'll be interesting to

595
00:28:03,650 --> 00:27:59,070
see if those features stay dark very

596
00:28:06,950 --> 00:28:03,660
interesting to see a senior sky of an

597
00:28:10,870 --> 00:28:06,960
educator who do to us a size of fragment

598
00:28:13,820 --> 00:28:10,880
b c d e and what happened to those

599
00:28:16,310 --> 00:28:13,830
fragment i heard that the Hubble Space

600
00:28:19,460 --> 00:28:16,320
Telescope is taking a picture just 10

601
00:28:21,860 --> 00:28:19,470
hour before the Corazon itself so what

602
00:28:24,410 --> 00:28:21,870
happened to fragmented selex before the

603
00:28:28,460 --> 00:28:24,420
collision is broke down are you still

604
00:28:32,510 --> 00:28:28,470
keep this shape or something alright I

605
00:28:34,780 --> 00:28:32,520
can try um I it looked as though in the

606
00:28:37,790 --> 00:28:34,790
days preceding the impact of fragment a

607
00:28:42,320 --> 00:28:37,800
there was a report that that the that

608
00:28:44,960 --> 00:28:42,330
the fragment was becoming much more oval

609
00:28:46,700 --> 00:28:44,970
and one report said that the nucleus it

610
00:28:49,850 --> 00:28:46,710
meant the nucleus was splitting up but

611
00:28:51,919 --> 00:28:49,860
how Weaver definitely wanted to stop

612
00:28:54,650 --> 00:28:51,929
that idea saying that it was just the

613
00:28:58,160 --> 00:28:54,660
dust coma around the nucleus that was

614
00:28:59,750 --> 00:28:58,170
starting to to be pulled on by Jupiter's

615
00:29:02,419 --> 00:28:59,760
gravity so that it would start getting

616
00:29:05,419 --> 00:29:02,429
more elliptical all the evidence we have

617
00:29:06,320 --> 00:29:05,429
right now indicates that fragment a must

618
00:29:09,470 --> 00:29:06,330
have impact

619
00:29:11,570 --> 00:29:09,480
pretty well intact and that elongation

620
00:29:15,560 --> 00:29:11,580
we were seeing in the days before was

621
00:29:17,570 --> 00:29:15,570
simply the coma of the that particular

622
00:29:20,389 --> 00:29:17,580
comet that was starting to get pulled in

623
00:29:22,009 --> 00:29:20,399
towards Jupiter but I think in partial

624
00:29:24,919 --> 00:29:22,019
answer the quite the thing that you were

625
00:29:28,549 --> 00:29:24,929
suggesting earlier David was that the

626
00:29:32,090 --> 00:29:28,559
nuclei that are off the line may in fact

627
00:29:35,180 --> 00:29:32,100
be essentially swarms of objects so a

628
00:29:37,639 --> 00:29:35,190
maybe mostly a single object be maybe a

629
00:29:39,740 --> 00:29:37,649
swarm see is again mostly a single

630
00:29:41,509 --> 00:29:39,750
object and we come back and he sort of

631
00:29:43,310 --> 00:29:41,519
sort of pick out the candidates for just

632
00:29:45,649 --> 00:29:43,320
swarms and those are the things that

633
00:29:47,870 --> 00:29:45,659
have less mass and less energy and will

634
00:29:52,310 --> 00:29:47,880
produce less than of an effect when they

635
00:29:54,289 --> 00:29:52,320
hit Jupiter front glenda chu San Jose

636
00:29:56,419 --> 00:29:54,299
Mercury News I have two questions one

637
00:29:59,330 --> 00:29:56,429
for David Lee V the the two reports that

638
00:30:00,769 --> 00:29:59,340
you got of flashes possibly being seen

639
00:30:02,750 --> 00:30:00,779
from small telescopes at rise

640
00:30:04,879 --> 00:30:02,760
observatory could you tell us where that

641
00:30:07,519 --> 00:30:04,889
Observatory is and that were those

642
00:30:09,440 --> 00:30:07,529
observatory and Hezbollah and where were

643
00:30:10,820 --> 00:30:09,450
those Observatory telescopes how big

644
00:30:12,680 --> 00:30:10,830
were they or were they amateur

645
00:30:15,350 --> 00:30:12,690
telescopes nearby and I have one other

646
00:30:18,620 --> 00:30:15,360
question yeah thnkx the the wiser betray

647
00:30:21,830 --> 00:30:18,630
is in southern Israel it's us south of

648
00:30:24,580 --> 00:30:21,840
Beersheba and it's in it's in the Negev

649
00:30:27,710 --> 00:30:24,590
desert beautiful beautiful conditions

650
00:30:29,539 --> 00:30:27,720
although I understand from Jim Scotti at

651
00:30:32,539 --> 00:30:29,549
the from the University of Arizona who's

652
00:30:34,220 --> 00:30:32,549
actually observing their that they have

653
00:30:36,169 --> 00:30:34,230
been having a lot of clouds and were

654
00:30:38,710 --> 00:30:36,179
really lucky that it cleared up at

655
00:30:41,539 --> 00:30:38,720
impact time were there abouts

656
00:30:44,509 --> 00:30:41,549
surrounding the observatory the gym

657
00:30:47,810 --> 00:30:44,519
Scotty was observing him were a lot of

658
00:30:50,899 --> 00:30:47,820
the whole crowd of either amateur

659
00:30:53,899 --> 00:30:50,909
advanced amateurs or professionals with

660
00:30:56,570 --> 00:30:53,909
just small telescopes trying to see if

661
00:30:59,570 --> 00:30:56,580
they could see the flashes to people

662
00:31:03,950 --> 00:30:59,580
with I believe a four-inch diameter and

663
00:31:05,779 --> 00:31:03,960
a 10 inch diameter telescope detected

664
00:31:09,409 --> 00:31:05,789
seeing the impact flashes these are

665
00:31:12,710 --> 00:31:09,419
small telescopes that you can just go

666
00:31:15,110 --> 00:31:12,720
out and get in a store somewhere and so

667
00:31:17,480 --> 00:31:15,120
I want to be very cautious about this

668
00:31:19,600 --> 00:31:17,490
because they were not can no one else

669
00:31:23,260 --> 00:31:19,610
has seen this no one else has reported

670
00:31:25,470 --> 00:31:23,270
impact flashes however it does mean that

671
00:31:28,030 --> 00:31:25,480
people with telescopes of that size

672
00:31:30,370 --> 00:31:28,040
knowing exactly where to look at the

673
00:31:33,970 --> 00:31:30,380
limb on the limb of Jupiter the edge of

674
00:31:36,070 --> 00:31:33,980
Jupiter should be able to to at least

675
00:31:39,970 --> 00:31:36,080
try to see if some of the later impacts

676
00:31:44,470 --> 00:31:39,980
will display meteor flashes as the

677
00:31:46,090 --> 00:31:44,480
initial media comes in I had I I'm kind

678
00:31:48,940 --> 00:31:46,100
of confused about the term fireball to

679
00:31:50,560 --> 00:31:48,950
keep people keep using as I understood

680
00:31:52,120 --> 00:31:50,570
it there's no oxygen on Jupiter they

681
00:31:53,620 --> 00:31:52,130
can't be any fire and people keep

682
00:31:57,730 --> 00:31:53,630
talking about a fireball and a plume

683
00:32:00,010 --> 00:31:57,740
what exactly is this thing burning or is

684
00:32:02,020 --> 00:32:00,020
it simply very hot what what is it is it

685
00:32:04,240 --> 00:32:02,030
just an expanding bubble of hot gas or

686
00:32:05,799 --> 00:32:04,250
can you describe it yeah there are

687
00:32:08,440 --> 00:32:05,809
number of different events the first we

688
00:32:11,590 --> 00:32:08,450
call the meteor phase this is this

689
00:32:14,770 --> 00:32:11,600
happens when the fragment is coming into

690
00:32:17,740 --> 00:32:14,780
Jupiter it it enters Jupiter

691
00:32:19,659 --> 00:32:17,750
stratosphere it starts to interact with

692
00:32:21,520 --> 00:32:19,669
the atmosphere just like a meteor on

693
00:32:23,650 --> 00:32:21,530
earth that we see any night of any night

694
00:32:25,630 --> 00:32:23,660
of the year and next month on August

695
00:32:26,970 --> 00:32:25,640
eleventh with the perseid shower that we

696
00:32:30,700 --> 00:32:26,980
should be seeing a lot of them but

697
00:32:32,409 --> 00:32:30,710
instead of a grain of sand producing the

698
00:32:34,720 --> 00:32:32,419
bright meteor this is an object one

699
00:32:39,340 --> 00:32:34,730
kilometer that's more than well more

700
00:32:41,950 --> 00:32:39,350
than half a mile wide producing a very

701
00:32:45,280 --> 00:32:41,960
very bright meteor lasting like the

702
00:32:47,950 --> 00:32:45,290
meteors on earth a second or so then it

703
00:32:51,039 --> 00:32:47,960
disappears it goes down into into

704
00:32:53,919 --> 00:32:51,049
Jupiter's clouds explode somewhere well

705
00:32:56,740 --> 00:32:53,929
below the clouds and then a huge

706
00:33:00,400 --> 00:32:56,750
fireball cloud comes up we've all heard

707
00:33:02,950 --> 00:33:00,410
of the sad but accurate term the nuclear

708
00:33:07,390 --> 00:33:02,960
fireball after an atomic explosion where

709
00:33:10,750 --> 00:33:07,400
a big huge cloud rumbles up and creates

710
00:33:14,530 --> 00:33:10,760
a plume that lasts for several minutes

711
00:33:18,340 --> 00:33:14,540
that we call the fireball and the plume

712
00:33:20,049 --> 00:33:18,350
as a the plume of from that fireball has

713
00:33:22,210 --> 00:33:20,059
apparently lasted a while and then it

714
00:33:25,090 --> 00:33:22,220
collapsed just as jeans model its

715
00:33:28,000 --> 00:33:25,100
chested it would yes absolutely it's

716
00:33:30,850 --> 00:33:28,010
just a terminology that comes from

717
00:33:34,140 --> 00:33:30,860
nuclear experiments where you simply

718
00:33:37,840 --> 00:33:34,150
created tremendously hot

719
00:33:40,090 --> 00:33:37,850
at atmospheric a mass that's shot the

720
00:33:42,730 --> 00:33:40,100
the heating is actually due to the shock

721
00:33:44,289 --> 00:33:42,740
and the temperatures go up to

722
00:33:46,060 --> 00:33:44,299
temperatures that are way beyond

723
00:33:48,580 --> 00:33:46,070
anything in our normal experience on the

724
00:33:51,430 --> 00:33:48,590
earth the temperatures rise to tens of

725
00:33:53,200 --> 00:33:51,440
thousands of degrees Kelvin and that's

726
00:33:55,060 --> 00:33:53,210
what we mean by the fireball it doesn't

727
00:33:58,210 --> 00:33:55,070
mean that something is burning it's just

728
00:34:00,520 --> 00:33:58,220
extraordinarily hot by the heat is

729
00:34:03,820 --> 00:34:00,530
coming from the shock wave not from

730
00:34:07,090 --> 00:34:03,830
combustion it's it's incandescent

731
00:34:08,740 --> 00:34:07,100
because it's so hot bubble of hot gas is

732
00:34:13,750 --> 00:34:08,750
exactly the right way to think about it

733
00:34:16,359 --> 00:34:13,760
very very hot gas Jim Jim slave ABC news

734
00:34:20,760 --> 00:34:16,369
what do you have in radio emissions at

735
00:34:25,720 --> 00:34:23,040
don't think that we've heard any reports

736
00:34:27,190 --> 00:34:25,730
radio emissions at the present time I'm

737
00:34:29,020 --> 00:34:27,200
certainly from the impacts there was

738
00:34:31,540 --> 00:34:29,030
that earlier one we heard we heard a

739
00:34:34,480 --> 00:34:31,550
report from Japan this came over the

740
00:34:36,609 --> 00:34:34,490
wire services yesterday that that

741
00:34:38,349 --> 00:34:36,619
predates the impacts and we need to

742
00:34:40,990 --> 00:34:38,359
learn more about that but in terms of

743
00:34:43,000 --> 00:34:41,000
radio emission of time of impact I'm not

744
00:34:46,300 --> 00:34:43,010
aware that we received any reports in at

745
00:34:48,369 --> 00:34:46,310
the present time the second question was

746
00:34:50,770 --> 00:34:48,379
prospect sighs me well you saw the

747
00:34:55,930 --> 00:34:50,780
seismic wave there it is we're right

748
00:34:57,970 --> 00:34:55,940
down there on your spot we were

749
00:35:00,370 --> 00:34:57,980
primarily expecting to see the seismic

750
00:35:03,280 --> 00:35:00,380
waves and the atmospheric waves in the

751
00:35:04,840 --> 00:35:03,290
infrared data more so than in the

752
00:35:07,270 --> 00:35:04,850
visible wavelength data that's where you

753
00:35:09,400 --> 00:35:07,280
would directly detect the seismic waves

754
00:35:11,740 --> 00:35:09,410
and in this visible wavelength data

755
00:35:13,960 --> 00:35:11,750
you're seeing a secondary effect or the

756
00:35:16,480 --> 00:35:13,970
temperature causes some kind of cloud to

757
00:35:19,150 --> 00:35:16,490
condense in the atmosphere from what I

758
00:35:21,910 --> 00:35:19,160
have heard and seen so far we have seen

759
00:35:24,099 --> 00:35:21,920
the impact sites in the infrared but I

760
00:35:27,400 --> 00:35:24,109
have not yet heard a report of seeing

761
00:35:30,490 --> 00:35:27,410
wave phenomena in the infrared okay now

762
00:35:33,660 --> 00:35:30,500
Heidi yes what's that ring around the

763
00:35:36,580 --> 00:35:33,670
dark spot well that's a good question I

764
00:35:38,740 --> 00:35:36,590
claim I claim that's just about the

765
00:35:41,260 --> 00:35:38,750
distance at which this acoustic wave

766
00:35:43,630 --> 00:35:41,270
should have around we all know when we

767
00:35:45,910 --> 00:35:43,640
have another sequence of images where we

768
00:35:46,329 --> 00:35:45,920
can see that expand outwards if we don't

769
00:35:48,430 --> 00:35:46,339
see

770
00:35:50,499 --> 00:35:48,440
moving outwards gene then it's not

771
00:35:52,329 --> 00:35:50,509
likely to be an atmospheric wait this

772
00:35:55,209 --> 00:35:52,339
isn't the best one we didn't expect to

773
00:35:57,400 --> 00:35:55,219
see anything even we didn't plan a

774
00:35:59,709 --> 00:35:57,410
sequence we do have images later on

775
00:36:02,170 --> 00:35:59,719
where we're planning to take sequences

776
00:36:04,930 --> 00:36:02,180
over several orbits so we can see this

777
00:36:07,120 --> 00:36:04,940
wave move out and certainly as i said in

778
00:36:09,190 --> 00:36:07,130
the infrared that's where we really

779
00:36:11,650 --> 00:36:09,200
expect to see these seismic waves if you

780
00:36:14,140 --> 00:36:11,660
see them here you should see them in the

781
00:36:16,329 --> 00:36:14,150
infrared ok so we're going to have to

782
00:36:18,400 --> 00:36:16,339
wait and see when we really look closely

783
00:36:20,380 --> 00:36:18,410
at the end for that data you're going to

784
00:36:23,739 --> 00:36:20,390
believe anything you want but you have

785
00:36:25,539 --> 00:36:23,749
yet you have to explain why that is out

786
00:36:27,579 --> 00:36:25,549
as far as it is and I think that's just

787
00:36:29,799 --> 00:36:27,589
about the distance at which needs to

788
00:36:32,529 --> 00:36:29,809
call you well ok I'll go out on the limb

789
00:36:34,450 --> 00:36:32,539
here I thought that that was debris that

790
00:36:37,329 --> 00:36:34,460
had fallen down I mean when we looked at

791
00:36:40,329 --> 00:36:37,339
that plume image it's very extended and

792
00:36:44,049 --> 00:36:40,339
I thought that that circular pattern was

793
00:36:45,700 --> 00:36:44,059
the fallout from that plume ok we'll see

794
00:36:47,079 --> 00:36:45,710
I'm betting it's the size of a Quaker

795
00:36:49,180 --> 00:36:47,089
see you're seeing an effect in the

796
00:36:54,519 --> 00:36:49,190
atmosphere member bhikkhus take way

797
00:36:56,950 --> 00:36:54,529
we'll see ok this is marker o of the

798
00:37:00,009 --> 00:36:56,960
Houston Chronicle could you go over the

799
00:37:02,109 --> 00:37:00,019
witch of the fragments you think are the

800
00:37:04,809 --> 00:37:02,119
largest and some estimate of what size

801
00:37:08,469 --> 00:37:04,819
you think they might be and as a related

802
00:37:10,450 --> 00:37:08,479
question the impact information you're

803
00:37:12,160 --> 00:37:10,460
getting now what is it telling you about

804
00:37:18,569 --> 00:37:12,170
what these fragments are actually made

805
00:37:20,650 --> 00:37:18,579
of what let's look at let's look at the

806
00:37:23,049 --> 00:37:20,660
panel in the back this is a wonderful

807
00:37:24,789 --> 00:37:23,059
book there is the graphics coming up

808
00:37:30,039 --> 00:37:24,799
again only they've got those horrible

809
00:37:34,989 --> 00:37:30,049
numbers i think an ABC fe dollar all

810
00:37:40,660 --> 00:37:34,999
numbers except for eggs except array all

811
00:37:44,079 --> 00:37:40,670
right number 24 on there which is G that

812
00:37:46,599 --> 00:37:44,089
big guy behind that's tomorrow G and H

813
00:37:51,160 --> 00:37:46,609
are the biggies let's see what else is

814
00:37:53,440 --> 00:37:51,170
in here that's re go Nadine fabulous

815
00:37:55,859 --> 00:37:53,450
there we go all right all right now

816
00:37:57,749 --> 00:37:55,869
we've got it H&K are

817
00:38:01,650 --> 00:37:57,759
all goodies that was a little bit

818
00:38:04,890 --> 00:38:01,660
smaller q1 is another biggie those are

819
00:38:07,589 --> 00:38:04,900
the real big ones and if we engage now

820
00:38:09,870 --> 00:38:07,599
from nucleus a and the effects we got

821
00:38:12,599 --> 00:38:09,880
from that then I would say how Weaver's

822
00:38:14,609 --> 00:38:12,609
estimates of the sizes that came out now

823
00:38:17,039 --> 00:38:14,619
and were published in January are

824
00:38:18,509 --> 00:38:17,049
probably very good and so we're talking

825
00:38:23,130 --> 00:38:18,519
about three probably three

826
00:38:30,029 --> 00:38:23,140
kilometer-sized objects for GH k and q q

827
00:38:36,230 --> 00:38:30,039
one dick Kerr science magazine out in

828
00:38:42,329 --> 00:38:36,240
the the Graham images we saw two spots

829
00:38:44,039 --> 00:38:42,339
those were a and C was the B failed to

830
00:38:46,920 --> 00:38:44,049
create one of those spots are with it

831
00:38:52,380 --> 00:38:46,930
just not in that view and what would

832
00:38:54,660 --> 00:38:52,390
that imply about mass or nature of that

833
00:38:56,940 --> 00:38:54,670
object he would have been on the other

834
00:39:00,170 --> 00:38:56,950
side and be would be would have been up

835
00:39:07,769 --> 00:39:00,180
a few to i think but but be was detected

836
00:39:09,299 --> 00:39:07,779
at kick attacked one more question here

837
00:39:11,849 --> 00:39:09,309
and then we'll go to Kennedy Space

838
00:39:13,979 --> 00:39:11,859
Center and come back after that baba

839
00:39:15,569 --> 00:39:13,989
hagar with NBC did the new observations

840
00:39:18,720 --> 00:39:15,579
tell you any more about the amount of

841
00:39:21,930 --> 00:39:18,730
energy released during this event with a

842
00:39:26,880 --> 00:39:21,940
and the amounts that you could expect

843
00:39:32,529 --> 00:39:30,130
well what we can say is that from what

844
00:39:35,049 --> 00:39:32,539
we saw on a it was much more energetic

845
00:39:38,259 --> 00:39:35,059
than we expected and so the kind of

846
00:39:40,690 --> 00:39:38,269
energetics we were expecting were ten to

847
00:39:44,079 --> 00:39:40,700
the twenty nine hundred million megatons

848
00:39:47,589 --> 00:39:44,089
4G so it seems like we're seeing that

849
00:39:53,559 --> 00:39:47,599
kind of energy for a it seems to be more

850
00:39:56,589 --> 00:39:53,569
powerful than we expected well I'd say

851
00:39:58,989 --> 00:39:56,599
about you know think we're off by a

852
00:40:04,150 --> 00:39:58,999
factor of 10 all right yeah 10 million

853
00:40:05,710 --> 00:40:04,160
megatons all right I'd like to go to

854
00:40:07,479 --> 00:40:05,720
Kennedy Space Center we have some

855
00:40:09,970 --> 00:40:07,489
questions there we will check the other

856
00:40:13,660 --> 00:40:09,980
centers and come back here go ahead

857
00:40:16,210 --> 00:40:13,670
Kennedy still along the Miami Herald to

858
00:40:17,890 --> 00:40:16,220
questions but a non-technical and they

859
00:40:19,779 --> 00:40:17,900
sort of come from what Heidi said about

860
00:40:22,509 --> 00:40:19,789
the possibility or the good thing that

861
00:40:24,160 --> 00:40:22,519
it's going to Jupiter a lot of people

862
00:40:26,650 --> 00:40:24,170
are wondering today kind of a what if

863
00:40:28,450 --> 00:40:26,660
question so what effect would it have

864
00:40:30,640 --> 00:40:28,460
had if this would command anywhere

865
00:40:33,549 --> 00:40:30,650
around North America and the second

866
00:40:35,979 --> 00:40:33,559
question is a lot of people don't

867
00:40:43,410 --> 00:40:35,989
understand an object of this relatively

868
00:40:50,680 --> 00:40:47,950
well if a had hit North America it's

869
00:40:54,279 --> 00:40:50,690
likely first of all it would have made a

870
00:40:59,589 --> 00:40:54,289
crater about 20 kilometers in diameter

871
00:41:01,420 --> 00:40:59,599
of course if that happened over the

872
00:41:04,809 --> 00:41:01,430
baltimore-washington area it would have

873
00:41:06,160 --> 00:41:04,819
taken us all out we wouldn't be here so

874
00:41:09,670 --> 00:41:06,170
the local damage would have been just

875
00:41:11,470 --> 00:41:09,680
enormous you not only take out what's in

876
00:41:12,999 --> 00:41:11,480
the crater but you take out everything

877
00:41:15,249 --> 00:41:13,009
that's in the ejecta blanket of the

878
00:41:16,809 --> 00:41:15,259
crater and you knocked down things for

879
00:41:19,329 --> 00:41:16,819
hundreds of kilometres a hundreds of

880
00:41:22,979 --> 00:41:19,339
miles beyond that but also then you a

881
00:41:25,720 --> 00:41:22,989
tremendous amount of polarized material

882
00:41:28,299 --> 00:41:25,730
would have been carried up into the high

883
00:41:29,829 --> 00:41:28,309
atmosphere and ultimately would spread

884
00:41:32,710 --> 00:41:29,839
over all of the northern hemisphere

885
00:41:35,769 --> 00:41:32,720
you'd probably get a very significant

886
00:41:38,890 --> 00:41:35,779
global climatic effect from that single

887
00:41:42,220 --> 00:41:38,900
fragment so it would

888
00:41:44,230 --> 00:41:42,230
be a major disaster be probably the

889
00:41:49,510 --> 00:41:44,240
worst natural disaster ever witnessed by

890
00:41:51,970 --> 00:41:49,520
man and that's just for a single for a

891
00:41:56,559 --> 00:41:51,980
single one i nee first fragment that we

892
00:41:58,210 --> 00:41:56,569
didn't expect anything from and the

893
00:42:00,220 --> 00:41:58,220
second part of the question how does a

894
00:42:03,549 --> 00:42:00,230
such a relatively small object cause

895
00:42:07,470 --> 00:42:03,559
that much disturbance okay the thing to

896
00:42:10,000 --> 00:42:07,480
remember is that any mass of material

897
00:42:14,140 --> 00:42:10,010
doesn't matter it matter whether it's

898
00:42:17,289 --> 00:42:14,150
lead or custard pie if you take one gram

899
00:42:19,750 --> 00:42:17,299
of that material and move it at the

900
00:42:22,329 --> 00:42:19,760
speed of three kilometers per second

901
00:42:25,000 --> 00:42:22,339
that's getting pretty fast that's faster

902
00:42:28,660 --> 00:42:25,010
than a very high-powered rifle bullet

903
00:42:31,480 --> 00:42:28,670
its kinetic energy is equivalent to the

904
00:42:34,720 --> 00:42:31,490
same man to the combustion of the same

905
00:42:37,569 --> 00:42:34,730
mass of high explosive like TNT now the

906
00:42:41,140 --> 00:42:37,579
energy goes up as the square of the

907
00:42:43,480 --> 00:42:41,150
velocity so for each gram of that comet

908
00:42:45,730 --> 00:42:43,490
coming in will have not just the

909
00:42:50,589 --> 00:42:45,740
equivalent mass of combustion of a gram

910
00:42:52,299 --> 00:42:50,599
of TNT it will have 20 squared times as

911
00:42:54,970 --> 00:42:52,309
much in other words four hundred times

912
00:42:57,339 --> 00:42:54,980
as much energy packed into each gram as

913
00:43:02,079 --> 00:42:57,349
the energy of combustion of TNT that's

914
00:43:04,569 --> 00:43:02,089
why it's so damaging now this is taha

915
00:43:07,329 --> 00:43:04,579
personal 40 today we've heard y'all

916
00:43:08,980 --> 00:43:07,339
talking about fragment a I'm wondering

917
00:43:12,880 --> 00:43:08,990
whether or not at this time you can

918
00:43:15,789 --> 00:43:12,890
describe what was seen with fragments B

919
00:43:18,010 --> 00:43:15,799
and C and I realized II was just

920
00:43:21,609 --> 00:43:18,020
happening Vegas right before he came on

921
00:43:24,460 --> 00:43:21,619
the air here C was observed as strongly

922
00:43:27,190 --> 00:43:24,470
as a was and more recently we don't have

923
00:43:31,779 --> 00:43:27,200
as much analysis from see as we did from

924
00:43:34,630 --> 00:43:31,789
from a B was seemed to be a lot weaker

925
00:43:38,019 --> 00:43:34,640
and so far we're interpreting that as

926
00:43:41,620 --> 00:43:38,029
being the B is probably composed of more

927
00:43:45,450 --> 00:43:41,630
of a rubble pile by the rubble pile it

928
00:43:48,250 --> 00:43:45,460
was just a loosely congealed group of

929
00:43:50,859 --> 00:43:48,260
very tiny fragments and as it got closer

930
00:43:51,970 --> 00:43:50,869
to Jupiter just before impact they just

931
00:43:54,190 --> 00:43:51,980
kind of fell apart

932
00:43:57,420 --> 00:43:54,200
and what probably happened is it most of

933
00:44:00,520 --> 00:43:57,430
be exploded much higher up in Jupiter's

934
00:44:03,790 --> 00:44:00,530
stratosphere probably little of it or

935
00:44:06,490 --> 00:44:03,800
not as much as we thought got down into

936
00:44:08,620 --> 00:44:06,500
the atmosphere however the Keck

937
00:44:10,990 --> 00:44:08,630
telescope which is now the world's

938
00:44:14,859 --> 00:44:11,000
largest ground-based telescope did

939
00:44:16,240 --> 00:44:14,869
observe an explosive plume from B this

940
00:44:19,180 --> 00:44:16,250
is something that we thought would be

941
00:44:22,060 --> 00:44:19,190
lucky to get on any you know remember

942
00:44:23,710 --> 00:44:22,070
when we were upset earlier that these

943
00:44:24,849 --> 00:44:23,720
fries impacts are going to be on the

944
00:44:27,370 --> 00:44:24,859
night side we're not going to see

945
00:44:29,590 --> 00:44:27,380
anything from Earth even with weekly put

946
00:44:32,770 --> 00:44:29,600
together fragment be we're still free

947
00:44:35,650 --> 00:44:32,780
seeing the explosive plume from Earth

948
00:44:38,410 --> 00:44:35,660
with ground-based telescopes see on the

949
00:44:40,300 --> 00:44:38,420
other hand appears to have been more of

950
00:44:44,740 --> 00:44:40,310
a solid fragment came right down like a

951
00:44:47,920 --> 00:44:44,750
did and made a much larger explosion

952
00:44:50,859 --> 00:44:47,930
this is just our tentative idea but most

953
00:44:52,720 --> 00:44:50,869
of us seem to agree with that at this

954
00:44:54,130 --> 00:44:52,730
time just quick power at this time can

955
00:45:00,400 --> 00:44:54,140
you give us an idea of how high above

956
00:45:02,500 --> 00:45:00,410
the limb the DMC plumes traveled we can

957
00:45:04,120 --> 00:45:02,510
only speculate that for a at this point

958
00:45:07,690 --> 00:45:04,130
because that's the one we have the

959
00:45:11,010 --> 00:45:07,700
highest resolution imaging and we seem

960
00:45:13,450 --> 00:45:11,020
to believe that that the bright detached

961
00:45:15,970 --> 00:45:13,460
portion of that plume was about a

962
00:45:20,410 --> 00:45:15,980
thousand kilometers above the limb of

963
00:45:24,160 --> 00:45:20,420
Jupiter and I'm wondering if you could

964
00:45:27,400 --> 00:45:24,170
just review quickly for me the impacts

965
00:45:32,260 --> 00:45:27,410
that you anticipate the rest of today

966
00:45:38,940 --> 00:45:32,270
and tomorrow okay can give you a rundown

967
00:45:45,390 --> 00:45:38,950
on that in eastern daylight time

968
00:45:51,400 --> 00:45:45,400
fragment II is is coming down at 11 05

969
00:45:58,359 --> 00:45:51,410
so not very far away fragment F will be

970
00:46:02,349 --> 00:45:58,369
at 20-27 Zulu time of course that's 827

971
00:46:05,080 --> 00:46:02,359
this evening and then fragment G will

972
00:46:08,700 --> 00:46:05,090
come down tomorrow morning

973
00:46:11,590 --> 00:46:08,710
329 okay so a 27 this evening Eastern

974
00:46:14,170 --> 00:46:11,600
that June day like that I miss turned a

975
00:46:17,410 --> 00:46:14,180
lifetime so observers with small

976
00:46:20,020 --> 00:46:17,420
telescopes should be trying to watch at

977
00:46:22,840 --> 00:46:20,030
the right spot on the limb for brief

978
00:46:25,600 --> 00:46:22,850
flashes be really careful though I'm not

979
00:46:28,510 --> 00:46:25,610
saying the Jupiter is going to get

980
00:46:29,890 --> 00:46:28,520
millions of times brighter this is this

981
00:46:32,170 --> 00:46:29,900
is going to be something that if you

982
00:46:34,150 --> 00:46:32,180
really know what you're looking for you

983
00:46:36,340 --> 00:46:34,160
there is a chance that you might detect

984
00:46:38,620 --> 00:46:36,350
the flash I want to add I want to

985
00:46:40,540 --> 00:46:38,630
qualify that to say that there have been

986
00:46:44,230 --> 00:46:40,550
no reports from any professional

987
00:46:48,400 --> 00:46:44,240
observatories detecting those flashes

988
00:46:50,530 --> 00:46:48,410
and they've been looking so I would add

989
00:46:53,770 --> 00:46:50,540
to that that we went to the US Naval

990
00:46:56,710 --> 00:46:53,780
Observatory last night to put our eye to

991
00:46:59,170 --> 00:46:56,720
the telescope in hopes of seeing a flash

992
00:47:03,850 --> 00:46:59,180
and when you really want to see a flash

993
00:47:05,650 --> 00:47:03,860
you can almost imagine that you do so we

994
00:47:08,920 --> 00:47:05,660
all have to be careful that we aren't

995
00:47:11,290 --> 00:47:08,930
imagining something that isn't quite out

996
00:47:13,240 --> 00:47:11,300
there yeah very true we've always tried

997
00:47:15,340 --> 00:47:13,250
to explain those those too tentative

998
00:47:17,170 --> 00:47:15,350
reports they have to be mentioned

999
00:47:20,230 --> 00:47:17,180
because they were reported by more than

1000
00:47:22,720 --> 00:47:20,240
one observer but it is something that

1001
00:47:25,270 --> 00:47:22,730
has not I don't consider that it's been

1002
00:47:27,430 --> 00:47:25,280
confirmed the only way to confirm

1003
00:47:29,610 --> 00:47:27,440
something like that is to increase the

1004
00:47:32,110 --> 00:47:29,620
number of people trying to observe them

1005
00:47:34,000 --> 00:47:32,120
timing would be all important the one

1006
00:47:35,500 --> 00:47:34,010
thing to remember however is a visual

1007
00:47:38,350 --> 00:47:35,510
Observer has the advantage of being

1008
00:47:40,570 --> 00:47:38,360
there watching all the time and you may

1009
00:47:42,580 --> 00:47:40,580
not capture that very brief event which

1010
00:47:44,770 --> 00:47:42,590
will last only two or most at the most

1011
00:47:46,750 --> 00:47:44,780
three seconds if you're not taking the

1012
00:47:48,370 --> 00:47:46,760
image at the right time so so there are

1013
00:47:51,220 --> 00:47:48,380
some advantages the visual Observer has

1014
00:47:55,120 --> 00:47:51,230
the disadvantage is it's hard to prove

1015
00:47:57,310 --> 00:47:55,130
that you saw more questions from Kennedy

1016
00:47:59,920 --> 00:47:57,320
yeah what another quick power for me

1017
00:48:03,120 --> 00:47:59,930
there are other anticipated impacts

1018
00:48:07,540 --> 00:48:03,130
tomorrow besides G earn addition to G oh

1019
00:48:09,790 --> 00:48:07,550
sure let me let me say that what we have

1020
00:48:12,160 --> 00:48:09,800
that information available and that

1021
00:48:14,260 --> 00:48:12,170
should be at the newsroom at Kennedy and

1022
00:48:16,500 --> 00:48:14,270
if it's not there we will fax a full

1023
00:48:18,840 --> 00:48:16,510
list of all the

1024
00:48:22,290 --> 00:48:18,850
times and locations where those can be

1025
00:48:24,240 --> 00:48:22,300
viewed from and the observatories that

1026
00:48:26,160 --> 00:48:24,250
are likely to have an opportunity to

1027
00:48:28,290 --> 00:48:26,170
observe those as well as a Hubble

1028
00:48:30,240 --> 00:48:28,300
observing schedule so that should be in

1029
00:48:32,670 --> 00:48:30,250
the newsroom at the end of this briefing

1030
00:48:35,430 --> 00:48:32,680
if it's not already there any more

1031
00:48:37,200 --> 00:48:35,440
questions from Kennedy yes two more

1032
00:48:39,030 --> 00:48:37,210
reporters this sojourn earth news to

1033
00:48:41,010 --> 00:48:39,040
Heidi I'll make it easy on your video

1034
00:48:43,290 --> 00:48:41,020
person to tell them that I need you to

1035
00:48:45,570 --> 00:48:43,300
display the graphic showing your little

1036
00:48:47,790 --> 00:48:45,580
movie in the travel coming in disgusting

1037
00:48:50,010 --> 00:48:47,800
vertical skills one of time and one of

1038
00:48:52,140 --> 00:48:50,020
the wavelength what happens when you

1039
00:48:54,810 --> 00:48:52,150
stay at one wavelength says do you still

1040
00:48:56,490 --> 00:48:54,820
see the same expanding or ultimately

1041
00:48:57,720 --> 00:48:56,500
what happens did you say at one time how

1042
00:49:00,480 --> 00:48:57,730
different does it look in the different

1043
00:49:03,450 --> 00:49:00,490
wavelengths well the data you saw are

1044
00:49:06,180 --> 00:49:03,460
the data we have we only took that data

1045
00:49:08,100 --> 00:49:06,190
because we were sampling various

1046
00:49:11,790 --> 00:49:08,110
wavelengths so I can't answer that

1047
00:49:14,100 --> 00:49:11,800
question not yet I think that if these

1048
00:49:16,050 --> 00:49:14,110
things are visible at this level and

1049
00:49:17,970 --> 00:49:16,060
particularly for the brighter fragments

1050
00:49:19,980 --> 00:49:17,980
that some of the other ground-based

1051
00:49:22,230 --> 00:49:19,990
observatories will be able to do that

1052
00:49:24,720 --> 00:49:22,240
experiment we're not really particularly

1053
00:49:26,370 --> 00:49:24,730
designed to do this kind of an

1054
00:49:29,700 --> 00:49:26,380
experiment with experiment with the

1055
00:49:32,010 --> 00:49:29,710
Hubble Space Telescope but I buy this

1056
00:49:35,910 --> 00:49:32,020
kind of experiment I mean something that

1057
00:49:38,760 --> 00:49:35,920
has very rapid time sequence that really

1058
00:49:40,890 --> 00:49:38,770
wasn't the point of this this was purely

1059
00:49:43,380 --> 00:49:40,900
certain diffidence that we did see it in

1060
00:49:45,000 --> 00:49:43,390
a time sequence like that so I think

1061
00:49:46,650 --> 00:49:45,010
you'll have to wait and hear from the

1062
00:49:48,680 --> 00:49:46,660
ground-based telescopes that are

1063
00:49:52,500 --> 00:49:48,690
designed to do that kind of an

1064
00:49:54,570 --> 00:49:52,510
experiment another side of the spectrum

1065
00:49:57,570 --> 00:49:54,580
and infrared have you heard any reports

1066
00:49:59,160 --> 00:49:57,580
McDonald Observatory or from the kuiper

1067
00:50:01,980 --> 00:49:59,170
airborne observatory which i believe is

1068
00:50:04,320 --> 00:50:01,990
flying out of Australia we haven't

1069
00:50:07,350 --> 00:50:04,330
gotten a report yet from the kuiper

1070
00:50:08,850 --> 00:50:07,360
airborne observatory observations were

1071
00:50:10,860 --> 00:50:08,860
scheduled so I hope maybe we'll be able

1072
00:50:12,720 --> 00:50:10,870
to report on that tomorrow we're

1073
00:50:15,030 --> 00:50:12,730
attempting to contact them throughout

1074
00:50:17,940 --> 00:50:15,040
the morning to get what we can and post

1075
00:50:19,860 --> 00:50:17,950
that as soon as we could okay Angie and

1076
00:50:21,600 --> 00:50:19,870
a really big picture question couple of

1077
00:50:23,550 --> 00:50:21,610
the year and on a panel were in

1078
00:50:25,029 --> 00:50:23,560
elementary school at the time but would

1079
00:50:27,370 --> 00:50:25,039
you where you bought started 20

1080
00:50:31,919 --> 00:50:27,380
years ago Praetorians Apollo 11 then you

1081
00:50:38,499 --> 00:50:34,329
that's kind of hard to compare their

1082
00:50:41,469 --> 00:50:38,509
different events I think that we all had

1083
00:50:44,949 --> 00:50:41,479
a lot of confidence in Apollo 11 that it

1084
00:50:47,409 --> 00:50:44,959
was going to be a successful landing so

1085
00:50:50,079 --> 00:50:47,419
when it happened we said all right that

1086
00:50:53,499 --> 00:50:50,089
happened and we were all delighted and

1087
00:50:55,749 --> 00:50:53,509
grateful for that achievement what's

1088
00:50:57,309 --> 00:50:55,759
different with this situation is we

1089
00:51:00,849 --> 00:50:57,319
didn't know how nature was going to

1090
00:51:04,239 --> 00:51:00,859
perform and we're just elated that

1091
00:51:06,729 --> 00:51:04,249
nature has outdone herself has to give

1092
00:51:10,390 --> 00:51:06,739
us this spectacular experiment that

1093
00:51:12,909 --> 00:51:10,400
we're looking now at now still long

1094
00:51:16,329 --> 00:51:12,919
Miami Herald again just one more quick

1095
00:51:18,069 --> 00:51:16,339
question about the spots themselves to

1096
00:51:20,979 --> 00:51:18,079
the layperson there might be some

1097
00:51:23,380 --> 00:51:20,989
confusion it's described as a dark spot

1098
00:51:25,630 --> 00:51:23,390
or a light spot that maybe just simply

1099
00:51:28,029 --> 00:51:25,640
the technology that observes it but to

1100
00:51:30,099 --> 00:51:28,039
someone who is going say to the local

1101
00:51:31,659 --> 00:51:30,109
community college observatory what

1102
00:51:33,339 --> 00:51:31,669
should they look for what could they

1103
00:51:35,799 --> 00:51:33,349
expect to see and could you explain a

1104
00:51:40,120 --> 00:51:35,809
little bit ly one it appears light 21

1105
00:51:44,829 --> 00:51:40,130
and dark to the other yeah I still doubt

1106
00:51:46,120 --> 00:51:44,839
that people with small telescopes are

1107
00:51:49,779 --> 00:51:46,130
going to be able to detect these

1108
00:51:52,149 --> 00:51:49,789
features at all I debt very very much

1109
00:51:54,459 --> 00:51:52,159
they looking awfully nice that remember

1110
00:51:56,289 --> 00:51:54,469
these pictures are with our with very

1111
00:51:59,380 --> 00:51:56,299
large ground-based telescopes or with

1112
00:52:01,620 --> 00:51:59,390
the Hubble Space Telescope I strongly

1113
00:52:04,269 --> 00:52:01,630
suggest that people go to their local

1114
00:52:06,399 --> 00:52:04,279
observatories planet area and look at

1115
00:52:09,999 --> 00:52:06,409
you bitter and I still think that you

1116
00:52:12,729 --> 00:52:10,009
will probably see no changes on Jupiter

1117
00:52:16,479 --> 00:52:12,739
I will be thrilled and delighted if I'm

1118
00:52:18,640 --> 00:52:16,489
wrong on that but go to go out with your

1119
00:52:20,349 --> 00:52:18,650
telescope look at you bitter don't

1120
00:52:22,779 --> 00:52:20,359
expect to see more than the beautiful

1121
00:52:25,630 --> 00:52:22,789
Jupiter it always is and then keep our

1122
00:52:27,249 --> 00:52:25,640
keep posted to HST and the other

1123
00:52:29,769 --> 00:52:27,259
ground-based telescopes to see the real

1124
00:52:31,539 --> 00:52:29,779
changes that we are seeing and if I'm

1125
00:52:33,459 --> 00:52:31,549
wrong on that then I'll be just as

1126
00:52:36,309 --> 00:52:33,469
thrilled as anybody else to answer the

1127
00:52:38,380 --> 00:52:36,319
question more directly at visible

1128
00:52:41,410 --> 00:52:38,390
wavelengths if you were looking

1129
00:52:44,559 --> 00:52:41,420
your eyes if you were out at Jupiter you

1130
00:52:47,140 --> 00:52:44,569
would see dark spots invisible these

1131
00:52:49,900 --> 00:52:47,150
features right now are dark when they're

1132
00:52:51,519 --> 00:52:49,910
fresh they're dark the only time that

1133
00:52:54,549 --> 00:52:51,529
they're bright is when we're looking in

1134
00:52:57,370 --> 00:52:54,559
the infrared and that's because these

1135
00:52:59,799 --> 00:52:57,380
features are hot when they're hot

1136
00:53:01,960 --> 00:52:59,809
they're bright in the infrared so we

1137
00:53:04,630 --> 00:53:01,970
have something that's visually dark and

1138
00:53:07,569 --> 00:53:04,640
hot so it's dark in the visible and

1139
00:53:10,809 --> 00:53:07,579
bright in the infrared and the methane

1140
00:53:12,940 --> 00:53:10,819
band is bright because the methane

1141
00:53:15,099 --> 00:53:12,950
molecule is absorbing all the other

1142
00:53:18,849 --> 00:53:15,109
photons except the ones that are getting

1143
00:53:22,990 --> 00:53:18,859
reflected off of these particles does

1144
00:53:26,259 --> 00:53:23,000
that help clarify alright we'll go to

1145
00:53:31,089 --> 00:53:26,269
JPL now for a question and we'll be back

1146
00:53:32,529 --> 00:53:31,099
here for follow-ups go ahead JPL this is

1147
00:53:36,130 --> 00:53:32,539
robert lee host with the los angeles

1148
00:53:38,769 --> 00:53:36,140
times just a simple fact question if

1149
00:53:41,049 --> 00:53:38,779
fragment a you best guess is that it's

1150
00:53:43,900 --> 00:53:41,059
about a half-mile wide then what's your

1151
00:53:51,759 --> 00:53:43,910
best guess on the literal size of b c

1152
00:53:54,009 --> 00:53:51,769
and d i'd say a fragment c is very

1153
00:53:55,450 --> 00:53:54,019
comparable to fragment a they're very

1154
00:53:57,999 --> 00:53:55,460
very close so we're talking about

1155
00:53:59,589 --> 00:53:58,009
something of order of a kilometer six

1156
00:54:01,650 --> 00:53:59,599
tenths of a mile something like that

1157
00:54:07,690 --> 00:54:01,660
these are rough numbers please remember

1158
00:54:10,180 --> 00:54:07,700
as far as be it's much harder to say it

1159
00:54:12,849 --> 00:54:10,190
clearly produced much less effect so the

1160
00:54:14,769 --> 00:54:12,859
total mass is less and it may have been

1161
00:54:17,589 --> 00:54:14,779
a loose swarm by the time it hit the

1162
00:54:19,930 --> 00:54:17,599
atmosphere not a single object so it's a

1163
00:54:23,319 --> 00:54:19,940
little bit hard to put size on that if

1164
00:54:26,410 --> 00:54:23,329
you wanted it all up together perhaps it

1165
00:54:29,769 --> 00:54:26,420
was something that was of the order of a

1166
00:54:31,029 --> 00:54:29,779
few hundred meters across I guess we

1167
00:54:33,069 --> 00:54:31,039
want to want to take a shot at that

1168
00:54:35,319 --> 00:54:33,079
Heidi do you have it no I think we did a

1169
00:54:38,079 --> 00:54:35,329
great job okay we got the letters on

1170
00:54:42,069 --> 00:54:38,089
this fragments now oh good now we got

1171
00:54:43,930 --> 00:54:42,079
wonderful okay well come back here to

1172
00:54:47,380 --> 00:54:43,940
Goddard and take some questions have one

1173
00:54:51,800 --> 00:54:49,880
with gallant Galileo on the way out

1174
00:54:53,510 --> 00:54:51,810
there carrying a probe to drop into this

1175
00:54:55,340 --> 00:54:53,520
very same atmosphere how do you think

1176
00:54:59,170 --> 00:54:55,350
these results are going to inform what

1177
00:55:03,710 --> 00:55:01,880
you won't try it I can try we're going

1178
00:55:07,520 --> 00:55:03,720
to be thinking very very carefully about

1179
00:55:10,310 --> 00:55:07,530
what we see and Galileo is actually

1180
00:55:12,380 --> 00:55:10,320
taking pictures of these events so that

1181
00:55:14,450 --> 00:55:12,390
will be fascinating to see what the

1182
00:55:17,180 --> 00:55:14,460
Galileo spacecraft sends back because

1183
00:55:20,720 --> 00:55:17,190
they had direct views of these impact

1184
00:55:23,930 --> 00:55:20,730
sites certainly the changes in the

1185
00:55:27,560 --> 00:55:23,940
Jovian atmosphere are going to be very

1186
00:55:30,290 --> 00:55:27,570
interesting and I think it's great

1187
00:55:32,630 --> 00:55:30,300
timing that we the NASA has a spacecraft

1188
00:55:34,310 --> 00:55:32,640
on its way to Jupiter right now and

1189
00:55:36,410 --> 00:55:34,320
we'll get there and see these things up

1190
00:55:39,200 --> 00:55:36,420
close the other thing is that the

1191
00:55:42,290 --> 00:55:39,210
Galileo probe the the probe part of it

1192
00:55:44,810 --> 00:55:42,300
was very carefully designed to go down

1193
00:55:48,410 --> 00:55:44,820
into a certain depth below Jupiter's

1194
00:55:52,550 --> 00:55:48,420
cloud tops one probe an active probe

1195
00:55:54,530 --> 00:55:52,560
with instruments we now have 21 small

1196
00:55:56,650 --> 00:55:54,540
positive probes going down all the

1197
00:56:01,070 --> 00:55:56,660
different layers of Cuba ters atmosphere

1198
00:56:03,620 --> 00:56:01,080
and revealing whatever they can reveal

1199
00:56:05,930 --> 00:56:03,630
each one of these comet impacts is a

1200
00:56:08,090 --> 00:56:05,940
little bit like a probe going down very

1201
00:56:11,030 --> 00:56:08,100
much like a pro going down and below the

1202
00:56:13,460 --> 00:56:11,040
cloud tops siming up stuff from the

1203
00:56:16,700 --> 00:56:13,470
interior telling us an enormous amount

1204
00:56:19,250 --> 00:56:16,710
of what to piter's made of and what it's

1205
00:56:22,250 --> 00:56:19,260
like we need to look at these things as

1206
00:56:25,700 --> 00:56:22,260
being almost like probes next question

1207
00:56:26,960 --> 00:56:25,710
Mike Nickerson NHK on yesterday we

1208
00:56:29,060 --> 00:56:26,970
learned that there was a 13-minute

1209
00:56:31,820 --> 00:56:29,070
deviation from the predictive time of

1210
00:56:34,130 --> 00:56:31,830
the impact of a and do we have specific

1211
00:56:37,400 --> 00:56:34,140
impact times and same sort of the

1212
00:56:43,190 --> 00:56:37,410
deviations regarding b c and i guess d

1213
00:56:44,960 --> 00:56:43,200
now Heidi you've got the the first

1214
00:56:48,980 --> 00:56:44,970
timing that shows the plume coming up

1215
00:56:54,110 --> 00:56:48,990
and it was a 20-18 which was exactly the

1216
00:56:58,440 --> 00:56:54,120
time given by the people at Keller Alto

1217
00:57:01,650 --> 00:56:58,450
and Spain so the impact probably

1218
00:57:05,930 --> 00:57:01,660
there's a little bit before that by as

1219
00:57:09,060 --> 00:57:05,940
much as perhaps three to five minutes I

1220
00:57:11,880 --> 00:57:09,070
would just that that's the offset no i

1221
00:57:14,910 --> 00:57:11,890
don't i haven't heard any reports of

1222
00:57:16,410 --> 00:57:14,920
accurate timing of the other ones yet so

1223
00:57:18,540 --> 00:57:16,420
i don't think we know the answer to that

1224
00:57:21,900 --> 00:57:18,550
question as to whether the whole chain

1225
00:57:24,089 --> 00:57:21,910
is offset by that amount will be working

1226
00:57:26,010 --> 00:57:24,099
on that throughout the day today to find

1227
00:57:28,800 --> 00:57:26,020
out information out if we can get

1228
00:57:31,500 --> 00:57:28,810
reports of the direct radio signals for

1229
00:57:33,510 --> 00:57:31,510
example from ulysses that would probably

1230
00:57:35,910 --> 00:57:33,520
give us that might give us the most

1231
00:57:37,829 --> 00:57:35,920
precise timing because that Ulysses can

1232
00:57:40,530 --> 00:57:37,839
look directly at the impact site at

1233
00:57:42,390 --> 00:57:40,540
Short radio radio wavelengths and we

1234
00:57:44,849 --> 00:57:42,400
might see that that plume should produce

1235
00:57:46,920 --> 00:57:44,859
a or even the meteor may produce a radio

1236
00:57:49,109 --> 00:57:46,930
signal that would give us the exact

1237
00:57:51,030 --> 00:57:49,119
impact Hank I also want to ask you about

1238
00:57:55,260 --> 00:57:51,040
some the other phenomena stat had been

1239
00:57:56,819 --> 00:57:55,270
predicted such as a Nora effect and or

1240
00:57:58,910 --> 00:57:56,829
reflections off of this some of the

1241
00:58:02,069 --> 00:57:58,920
Jovian satellites have any of those been

1242
00:58:04,890 --> 00:58:02,079
served no observations are that we've

1243
00:58:08,160 --> 00:58:04,900
gotten yet of reflections off the

1244
00:58:09,900 --> 00:58:08,170
satellites that's that's interesting

1245
00:58:11,520 --> 00:58:09,910
that we haven't gotten that and yet

1246
00:58:13,530 --> 00:58:11,530
we've gotten so many positive things in

1247
00:58:15,540 --> 00:58:13,540
other ever those are hard to get hard to

1248
00:58:19,230 --> 00:58:15,550
observe when the satellites are in

1249
00:58:21,660 --> 00:58:19,240
sunlight wait for fragment k the

1250
00:58:23,880 --> 00:58:21,670
fragment k is going pregnant k is going

1251
00:58:26,010 --> 00:58:23,890
to impact europa will be in the shadow

1252
00:58:28,650 --> 00:58:26,020
of jupiter and that will be a very

1253
00:58:31,020 --> 00:58:28,660
sensitive test then and and the initial

1254
00:58:33,270 --> 00:58:31,030
we should see the flash of the initial

1255
00:58:35,670 --> 00:58:33,280
entry meteor there we may be able to get

1256
00:58:38,220 --> 00:58:35,680
that directly from observations of

1257
00:58:40,380 --> 00:58:38,230
europa at that time and i believe we're

1258
00:58:42,930 --> 00:58:40,390
getting some ultraviolet images with the

1259
00:58:44,670 --> 00:58:42,940
Hubble today and those will be very

1260
00:58:47,190 --> 00:58:44,680
interesting for studying the Aurora

1261
00:58:49,349 --> 00:58:47,200
hopefully John Clark will be able to

1262
00:58:54,450 --> 00:58:49,359
talk about that tomorrow or perhaps the

1263
00:58:56,309 --> 00:58:54,460
next day is it that the comet fragment

1264
00:58:58,130 --> 00:58:56,319
encounters from the time it enters the

1265
00:58:59,870 --> 00:58:58,140
atmosphere down to the

1266
00:59:04,400 --> 00:58:59,880
point where it explodes and what is it

1267
00:59:06,710 --> 00:59:04,410
that causes it to explode okay the comet

1268
00:59:09,859 --> 00:59:06,720
is entering a very tenuous uppermost

1269
00:59:12,680 --> 00:59:09,869
part of the Jovian atmosphere initially

1270
00:59:15,079 --> 00:59:12,690
and it simply increases a denser and

1271
00:59:16,940 --> 00:59:15,089
debts or atmosphere as it goes down by

1272
00:59:19,430 --> 00:59:16,950
the time it hits the ammonia cloud tops

1273
00:59:20,870 --> 00:59:19,440
it's reached the half bar level another

1274
00:59:23,809 --> 00:59:20,880
is a pressure about equal to half the

1275
00:59:26,240 --> 00:59:23,819
pressure in this room but it continues

1276
00:59:28,039 --> 00:59:26,250
for these larger fragments theory

1277
00:59:30,289 --> 00:59:28,049
predicted if there are single fragments

1278
00:59:33,440 --> 00:59:30,299
it will punch right on down and go to

1279
00:59:35,990 --> 00:59:33,450
the depths of order about ten or several

1280
00:59:39,200 --> 00:59:36,000
tens of kilometers below the ammonia

1281
00:59:42,500 --> 00:59:39,210
cloud tops at some point for a given

1282
00:59:45,259 --> 00:59:42,510
size fragment what will happen is the

1283
00:59:47,809 --> 00:59:45,269
comet is being decelerated by the

1284
00:59:50,630 --> 00:59:47,819
intense shock the bow shock ahead of it

1285
00:59:53,180 --> 00:59:50,640
and it simply becomes crushed by its own

1286
00:59:55,880 --> 00:59:53,190
inertia but it's because of that

1287
00:59:57,769 --> 00:59:55,890
deceleration in by the shockwave and

1288
01:00:00,380 --> 00:59:57,779
when they because when it crushes it

1289
01:00:02,809 --> 01:00:00,390
just falls apart it just spreads out and

1290
01:00:06,559 --> 01:00:02,819
falls apart and that then presents a

1291
01:00:08,059 --> 01:00:06,569
very broad area which which again now is

1292
01:00:10,039 --> 01:00:08,069
going to stop it very quickly in other

1293
01:00:13,190 --> 01:00:10,049
words it meets much more atmospheric

1294
01:00:15,859 --> 01:00:13,200
resistance and a stop very suddenly so

1295
01:00:17,809 --> 01:00:15,869
that essentially all of the kinetic

1296
01:00:20,089 --> 01:00:17,819
energy that was in the comet fragment to

1297
01:00:22,549 --> 01:00:20,099
begin with is delivered to that

1298
01:00:24,410 --> 01:00:22,559
shockwave and a little bit of a course

1299
01:00:26,480 --> 01:00:24,420
remains in the comet which itself gets

1300
01:00:28,970 --> 01:00:26,490
heated to tens of thousands of degrees

1301
01:00:31,039 --> 01:00:28,980
Kelvin as well so it's but it's

1302
01:00:34,220 --> 01:00:31,049
basically just transferring that initial

1303
01:00:37,670 --> 01:00:34,230
kinetic energy into a shockwave and most

1304
01:00:39,559 --> 01:00:37,680
of it but not all ends up at the lower

1305
01:00:45,109 --> 01:00:39,569
part where the comet sensually just

1306
01:00:48,279 --> 01:00:45,119
comes apart rather suddenly it's below

1307
01:00:51,190 --> 01:00:48,289
them hope we think it's below them well

1308
01:00:53,720 --> 01:00:51,200
remember it's still mostly hydrogen

1309
01:00:55,609 --> 01:00:53,730
ammonia clouds are just a portion of the

1310
01:01:01,839 --> 01:00:55,619
atmosphere but the atmosphere is mainly

1311
01:01:07,579 --> 01:01:04,819
howdy are we are we have to see HST

1312
01:01:09,620 --> 01:01:07,589
images of the impact of E today I know

1313
01:01:11,269 --> 01:01:09,630
there's nothing officially scheduled but

1314
01:01:12,829 --> 01:01:11,279
yesterday there was sort of an early

1315
01:01:14,449 --> 01:01:12,839
release and I'm wondering if there's

1316
01:01:18,650 --> 01:01:14,459
some excitement about what you see they

1317
01:01:20,420 --> 01:01:18,660
might be released sooner than expected I

1318
01:01:21,979 --> 01:01:20,430
don't really know the answer to that I

1319
01:01:23,469 --> 01:01:21,989
think we're not getting our images

1320
01:01:25,459 --> 01:01:23,479
downloaded until later in the afternoon

1321
01:01:28,160 --> 01:01:25,469
they're not coming down from the

1322
01:01:33,140 --> 01:01:28,170
spacecraft and so we may just have to

1323
01:01:35,420 --> 01:01:33,150
wait till tomorrow tomorrow morning mark

1324
01:01:38,059 --> 01:01:35,430
this marker of the Houston Chronicle

1325
01:01:40,459 --> 01:01:38,069
could you I know the questions other

1326
01:01:42,499 --> 01:01:40,469
basic but I'm still not sure I

1327
01:01:45,949 --> 01:01:42,509
understand what you've learned about

1328
01:01:49,189 --> 01:01:45,959
what the fragments are made of and in a

1329
01:01:51,559 --> 01:01:49,199
general sense kind of how they're if

1330
01:01:53,449 --> 01:01:51,569
there if there are multiple pieces how

1331
01:01:55,670 --> 01:01:53,459
they're grouped together and interacting

1332
01:02:01,120 --> 01:01:55,680
with each other has anything that you've

1333
01:02:07,189 --> 01:02:05,359
well only the one thing is that when you

1334
01:02:10,989 --> 01:02:07,199
have pieces that appear to be the same

1335
01:02:15,499 --> 01:02:10,999
size in our Hubble Space Telescope

1336
01:02:18,890 --> 01:02:15,509
January photograph photograph and a and

1337
01:02:21,859 --> 01:02:18,900
C come down really really strong and

1338
01:02:25,569 --> 01:02:21,869
then B is really weak the implication is

1339
01:02:31,009 --> 01:02:29,150
what is it that the comet fragment

1340
01:02:33,199 --> 01:02:31,019
encounters from the time it enters the

1341
01:02:35,329 --> 01:02:33,209
atmosphere down to the point where it

1342
01:02:39,499 --> 01:02:35,339
explodes and what is it that causes it

1343
01:02:42,140 --> 01:02:39,509
to explode okay the comet is entering

1344
01:02:45,349 --> 01:02:42,150
the very tenuous uppermost part of the

1345
01:02:47,569 --> 01:02:45,359
Jovian atmosphere initially and it

1346
01:02:49,849 --> 01:02:47,579
simply increases a denser and debts

1347
01:02:52,339 --> 01:02:49,859
their atmosphere as it goes down by the

1348
01:02:54,079 --> 01:02:52,349
time it hits the ammonia cloud tops it's

1349
01:02:55,400 --> 01:02:54,089
reached the half bar level and oh

1350
01:02:57,919 --> 01:02:55,410
there's a pressure about equal to half

1351
01:02:59,919 --> 01:02:57,929
the pressure in this room I but it

1352
01:03:02,239 --> 01:02:59,929
continues for these larger fragments

1353
01:03:03,949 --> 01:03:02,249
theory predicted if there are single

1354
01:03:07,009 --> 01:03:03,959
fragments it will punch right on down

1355
01:03:10,309 --> 01:03:07,019
and go to the depths of order about ten

1356
01:03:13,460 --> 01:03:10,319
or several tens of kilometers below the

1357
01:03:15,920 --> 01:03:13,470
ammonia cloud tops at some point

1358
01:03:19,280 --> 01:03:15,930
for a given size fragment what will

1359
01:03:22,250 --> 01:03:19,290
happen is the comet is being decelerated

1360
01:03:24,950 --> 01:03:22,260
by the intense shock the bow shock ahead

1361
01:03:27,890 --> 01:03:24,960
of it and it simply becomes crushed by

1362
01:03:30,859 --> 01:03:27,900
its own inertia but it's because of that

1363
01:03:32,660 --> 01:03:30,869
deceleration in by the shockwave and

1364
01:03:35,060 --> 01:03:32,670
when it because when it crushes it just

1365
01:03:37,520 --> 01:03:35,070
falls apart it just spreads out and

1366
01:03:41,270 --> 01:03:37,530
falls apart and that then presents a

1367
01:03:42,740 --> 01:03:41,280
very broad area which which again now is

1368
01:03:44,720 --> 01:03:42,750
going to stop it very quickly in other

1369
01:03:47,870 --> 01:03:44,730
words it meets much more atmospheric

1370
01:03:50,540 --> 01:03:47,880
resistance and to stop very suddenly so

1371
01:03:52,490 --> 01:03:50,550
that essentially all of the kinetic

1372
01:03:54,770 --> 01:03:52,500
energy that was in the comet fragment to

1373
01:03:57,230 --> 01:03:54,780
begin with is delivered to that

1374
01:03:59,120 --> 01:03:57,240
shockwave and a little bit of a course

1375
01:04:01,160 --> 01:03:59,130
remains in the comet which itself gets

1376
01:04:03,650 --> 01:04:01,170
heated to tens of thousands of degrees

1377
01:04:05,750 --> 01:04:03,660
Kelvin as well so it's but it's

1378
01:04:08,900 --> 01:04:05,760
basically just transferring that initial

1379
01:04:12,349 --> 01:04:08,910
kinetic energy into a shockwave and most

1380
01:04:14,240 --> 01:04:12,359
of it but not all ends up at the lower

1381
01:04:19,790 --> 01:04:14,250
part where the comet centrally just

1382
01:04:22,820 --> 01:04:19,800
comes apart rather suddenly it's below

1383
01:04:24,859 --> 01:04:22,830
them hope we think it's below them well

1384
01:04:27,710 --> 01:04:24,869
well remember it's it's still mostly

1385
01:04:29,270 --> 01:04:27,720
hydrogen ammonia clouds are just a

1386
01:04:31,160 --> 01:04:29,280
portion of the atmosphere but the

1387
01:04:36,859 --> 01:04:31,170
atmosphere is mainly hydrogen all the

1388
01:04:42,259 --> 01:04:39,499
howdy are we are we have to see HST

1389
01:04:44,299 --> 01:04:42,269
images of the impact of E today I know

1390
01:04:45,950 --> 01:04:44,309
there's nothing officially scheduled but

1391
01:04:47,509 --> 01:04:45,960
yesterday there was sort of an early

1392
01:04:49,160 --> 01:04:47,519
release and I'm wondering if there's

1393
01:04:52,989 --> 01:04:49,170
some excitement about what you see they

1394
01:04:55,099 --> 01:04:52,999
might be released sooner than expected I

1395
01:04:56,660 --> 01:04:55,109
don't really know the answer to that I

1396
01:04:58,150 --> 01:04:56,670
think we're not getting our images

1397
01:05:00,140 --> 01:04:58,160
downloaded until later in the afternoon

1398
01:05:02,839 --> 01:05:00,150
they're not coming down from the

1399
01:05:08,839 --> 01:05:02,849
spacecraft and so we may just have to

1400
01:05:11,779 --> 01:05:08,849
wait till tomorrow tomorrow morning this

1401
01:05:13,789 --> 01:05:11,789
marker of Houston Chronicle could you I

1402
01:05:16,640 --> 01:05:13,799
know the questions other basic but I'm

1403
01:05:18,499 --> 01:05:16,650
still not sure I understand what you've

1404
01:05:22,460 --> 01:05:18,509
learned about what the fragments are

1405
01:05:24,890 --> 01:05:22,470
made of and in a general sense kind of

1406
01:05:26,870 --> 01:05:24,900
how they're if there if there are

1407
01:05:28,640 --> 01:05:26,880
multiple pieces how they're grouped

1408
01:05:31,220 --> 01:05:28,650
together and interacting with each other

1409
01:05:38,299 --> 01:05:31,230
has anything that you've seen from the

1410
01:05:40,970 --> 01:05:38,309
impacts help clarify that well only one

1411
01:05:44,539 --> 01:05:40,980
thing is that when you have pieces that

1412
01:05:48,019 --> 01:05:44,549
appear to be the same size in our Hubble

1413
01:05:52,190 --> 01:05:48,029
Space Telescope January photo photograph

1414
01:05:55,700 --> 01:05:52,200
and a and C come down really really

1415
01:05:57,739 --> 01:05:55,710
strong and then B is really weak the

1416
01:06:00,079 --> 01:05:57,749
implication is that B is really loosely

1417
01:06:01,880 --> 01:06:00,089
held together and wants to just come

1418
01:06:03,970 --> 01:06:01,890
apart as soon as it starts getting and

1419
01:06:08,140 --> 01:06:03,980
interacting with Jupiter's atmosphere

1420
01:06:10,910 --> 01:06:08,150
other than that spectroscopy

1421
01:06:13,460 --> 01:06:10,920
spectroscopy does it oh wait until we

1422
01:06:14,930 --> 01:06:13,470
get some spectroscopic results from some

1423
01:06:17,269 --> 01:06:14,940
of the ground-based telescopes and the

1424
01:06:20,210 --> 01:06:17,279
Hubble Space Telescope and that will

1425
01:06:22,420 --> 01:06:20,220
give us information about composition of

1426
01:06:25,339 --> 01:06:22,430
the material that we're seeing and

1427
01:06:28,339 --> 01:06:25,349
whether it's Jovian dredged up from

1428
01:06:30,799 --> 01:06:28,349
below whether it's commentary spilled in

1429
01:06:32,599 --> 01:06:30,809
or whether it's some incredible mixture

1430
01:06:34,940 --> 01:06:32,609
of the two is going to take a while to

1431
01:06:36,259 --> 01:06:34,950
sort out but that's one place where we

1432
01:06:39,130 --> 01:06:36,269
will get some interesting information

1433
01:06:42,200 --> 01:06:39,140
about the comet the Comets composition

1434
01:06:46,039 --> 01:06:42,210
so you'll be doing a chemical analysis I

1435
01:06:48,260 --> 01:06:46,049
gather but is is this dust ice rocks is

1436
01:06:51,200 --> 01:06:48,270
that still what you think's

1437
01:06:54,470 --> 01:06:51,210
there I mean that's what I'm not clear

1438
01:06:57,470 --> 01:06:54,480
on yeah prevailing party line on comets

1439
01:07:00,740 --> 01:06:57,480
is it's a mixture of ice and and

1440
01:07:04,330 --> 01:07:00,750
silicate rocky particles and now we know

1441
01:07:06,950 --> 01:07:04,340
from the observations of halley's comet

1442
01:07:09,050 --> 01:07:06,960
that there's a fair amount a very

1443
01:07:11,510 --> 01:07:09,060
complex organic material that are called

1444
01:07:13,610 --> 01:07:11,520
Sean grains they're composed of carbon

1445
01:07:16,040 --> 01:07:13,620
hydrogen oxygen and nitrogen to some

1446
01:07:18,590 --> 01:07:16,050
kind of it's kind of a tari gunk if you

1447
01:07:21,170 --> 01:07:18,600
want to think of it that way that was a

1448
01:07:22,760 --> 01:07:21,180
substantial fraction of the dust that

1449
01:07:26,240 --> 01:07:22,770
was coming off of halle all of thats

1450
01:07:27,740 --> 01:07:26,250
mixed together in some kind of a mud

1451
01:07:30,650 --> 01:07:27,750
ball if you want to think of it that way

1452
01:07:32,990 --> 01:07:30,660
an icy mud ball whether it's solid or

1453
01:07:36,410 --> 01:07:33,000
whether it's porous and fluffy those are

1454
01:07:39,170 --> 01:07:36,420
all $64 questions there's a wide variety

1455
01:07:41,060 --> 01:07:39,180
of opinion about that and I don't think

1456
01:07:43,460 --> 01:07:41,070
that we can really say yet from what

1457
01:07:45,770 --> 01:07:43,470
we're seeing with these impacts we can't

1458
01:07:48,470 --> 01:07:45,780
shed much light on it I have my I have a

1459
01:07:50,690 --> 01:07:48,480
personal prejudice that these things are

1460
01:07:52,910 --> 01:07:50,700
not all that porous that is to say the

1461
01:07:56,120 --> 01:07:52,920
pore space might be a few tens of

1462
01:07:58,400 --> 01:07:56,130
percent but the density of the object is

1463
01:08:02,330 --> 01:07:58,410
more or less like the density of a ball

1464
01:08:04,310 --> 01:08:02,340
of ice we have time for just a couple of

1465
01:08:06,020 --> 01:08:04,320
more questions before will lose the

1466
01:08:09,350 --> 01:08:06,030
satellite today and we would like to

1467
01:08:10,970 --> 01:08:09,360
replay all the images stills video and

1468
01:08:14,120 --> 01:08:10,980
animation that we had available today

1469
01:08:15,560 --> 01:08:14,130
while we still have the satellite so we

1470
01:08:17,150 --> 01:08:15,570
will go a couple more questions of

1471
01:08:19,039 --> 01:08:17,160
course the people here in the room will

1472
01:08:21,200 --> 01:08:19,049
still have an opportunity to ask a few

1473
01:08:25,220 --> 01:08:21,210
more following that but we'll take

1474
01:08:28,640 --> 01:08:25,230
another second row Matt grunts and the

1475
01:08:33,320 --> 01:08:28,650
Dallas Morning News g is 25 times more

1476
01:08:36,440 --> 01:08:33,330
massive than a and C do you expect that

1477
01:08:38,329 --> 01:08:36,450
that extra energy will bump you up into

1478
01:08:39,980 --> 01:08:38,339
a different kind of scenario from the

1479
01:08:43,990 --> 01:08:39,990
fireball one that you've been describing

1480
01:08:49,269 --> 01:08:46,150
I think we're getting it basically the

1481
01:08:53,019 --> 01:08:49,279
same phenomenon but a much bigger boom

1482
01:08:54,940 --> 01:08:53,029
now there is the possibility that some

1483
01:08:58,230 --> 01:08:54,950
of these much larger objects if they

1484
01:09:01,690 --> 01:08:58,240
remain intact can go very much deeper

1485
01:09:03,430 --> 01:09:01,700
into the Jovian atmosphere and so there

1486
01:09:05,710 --> 01:09:03,440
is a possibility that boom may be

1487
01:09:08,200 --> 01:09:05,720
muffled that not as good an eruptive

1488
01:09:09,610 --> 01:09:08,210
plume will come back out so well that

1489
01:09:11,079 --> 01:09:09,620
will be very interesting to watch and

1490
01:09:13,390 --> 01:09:11,089
see but we're certainly delivering that

1491
01:09:16,120 --> 01:09:13,400
much more energy to the planet a better

1492
01:09:17,800 --> 01:09:16,130
chance for some of these wave phenomena

1493
01:09:20,620 --> 01:09:17,810
whether it's an atmospheric waves of the

1494
01:09:24,340 --> 01:09:20,630
seismic waves that gene is sure he sees

1495
01:09:27,160 --> 01:09:24,350
already much more likely that for a

1496
01:09:31,260 --> 01:09:27,170
large body that those effects will be

1497
01:09:33,940 --> 01:09:31,270
visible question in the third row

1498
01:09:35,289 --> 01:09:33,950
Michael to take TV asahi this is a

1499
01:09:39,099 --> 01:09:35,299
question for Carolyn shoemaker and

1500
01:09:41,499 --> 01:09:39,109
rotated lady this shoemaker levy 9 was

1501
01:09:43,420 --> 01:09:41,509
discovering what is essentially very old

1502
01:09:45,970 --> 01:09:43,430
technology and now it's being observed

1503
01:09:47,440 --> 01:09:45,980
with the latest and most expensive of

1504
01:09:49,900 --> 01:09:47,450
technology if you I'd like to get your

1505
01:09:54,400 --> 01:09:49,910
comments about the way Sciences can be

1506
01:09:57,790 --> 01:09:54,410
done in the way it has been done here ok

1507
01:10:01,630 --> 01:09:57,800
I think that scientists tend to use

1508
01:10:05,680 --> 01:10:01,640
whatever is available for the funds that

1509
01:10:10,990 --> 01:10:05,690
they have I think very good technology

1510
01:10:12,940 --> 01:10:11,000
can come out of older methods the

1511
01:10:16,690 --> 01:10:12,950
telescope that we use at palomar

1512
01:10:19,540 --> 01:10:16,700
observatory's ideal for that purpose for

1513
01:10:23,050 --> 01:10:19,550
the search of small bodies in the solar

1514
01:10:28,450 --> 01:10:23,060
system because we can cover such a wide

1515
01:10:31,600 --> 01:10:28,460
area of the sky you could not use a one

1516
01:10:34,720 --> 01:10:31,610
of the beautiful big new telescopes that

1517
01:10:40,090 --> 01:10:34,730
can look very deep and cover a lot of

1518
01:10:42,490 --> 01:10:40,100
sky but I think that we're very

1519
01:10:45,610 --> 01:10:42,500
fortunate today to have the advantage of

1520
01:10:47,620 --> 01:10:45,620
all the new technology because once you

1521
01:10:50,650 --> 01:10:47,630
find something then you want to look a

1522
01:10:52,750 --> 01:10:50,660
lot deeper if we didn't have the

1523
01:10:56,680 --> 01:10:52,760
wonderful telescopes that exist today

1524
01:10:57,669 --> 01:10:56,690
and and the new technology we wouldn't

1525
01:11:00,459 --> 01:10:57,679
begin to know

1526
01:11:04,810 --> 01:11:00,469
but this comet is really like and what

1527
01:11:08,919 --> 01:11:04,820
it's doing it's it's it's really

1528
01:11:11,529 --> 01:11:08,929
important and valuable to be continually

1529
01:11:13,029 --> 01:11:11,539
developing new technology one of the

1530
01:11:16,419 --> 01:11:13,039
things that we always love when we're in

1531
01:11:19,229 --> 01:11:16,429
palomar is to watch ourselves observing

1532
01:11:23,500 --> 01:11:19,239
with Paula Mars first telescope built in

1533
01:11:26,520 --> 01:11:23,510
1936 designed designed essentially by

1534
01:11:29,679 --> 01:11:26,530
amateur astronomer Russell Porter and

1535
01:11:31,719 --> 01:11:29,689
still in use a telescope that has made

1536
01:11:33,129 --> 01:11:31,729
more common and supernova discoveries

1537
01:11:37,239 --> 01:11:33,139
than any other telescope in the world

1538
01:11:39,729 --> 01:11:37,249
and it's important to have the new

1539
01:11:41,919 --> 01:11:39,739
technology that is necessary now without

1540
01:11:43,629 --> 01:11:41,929
all the new technology we wouldn't be

1541
01:11:46,209 --> 01:11:43,639
nearly as excited today we wouldn't be

1542
01:11:47,589 --> 01:11:46,219
excited all the days as we are but I

1543
01:11:50,199 --> 01:11:47,599
think it's also important not to toss

1544
01:11:52,540 --> 01:11:50,209
out the old technology too fast we're

1545
01:11:54,699 --> 01:11:52,550
seeing how valuable that was and at

1546
01:11:59,229 --> 01:11:54,709
least bringing this comet to everybody's

1547
01:12:00,759 --> 01:11:59,239
attention we have time for about one

1548
01:12:10,419 --> 01:12:00,769
more question before we lose to

1549
01:12:12,969 --> 01:12:10,429
satellite anyone glendon David you said

1550
01:12:14,979 --> 01:12:12,979
you're a little bit surprised by by the

1551
01:12:16,649 --> 01:12:14,989
idea that people would be able to see

1552
01:12:19,209 --> 01:12:16,659
some flashes especially from a big

1553
01:12:20,919 --> 01:12:19,219
object that these usually flashes would

1554
01:12:22,779 --> 01:12:20,929
come from smaller meteors but I wonder

1555
01:12:24,969 --> 01:12:22,789
if it's possible artista aren't these

1556
01:12:26,649 --> 01:12:24,979
comet fragments traveling along with a

1557
01:12:29,979 --> 01:12:26,659
lot of other little bitty things that we

1558
01:12:31,959 --> 01:12:29,989
can't really see and I wonder if it's

1559
01:12:33,879 --> 01:12:31,969
possible what if these people saw

1560
01:12:35,919 --> 01:12:33,889
something that they were actually much

1561
01:12:37,330 --> 01:12:35,929
smaller little bits traveling along with

1562
01:12:40,719 --> 01:12:37,340
the main fragments that might have

1563
01:12:43,000 --> 01:12:40,729
produced flashes that's a good treating

1564
01:12:45,669 --> 01:12:43,010
question i don't i don't think so i

1565
01:12:47,679 --> 01:12:45,679
think a small fragment the only the only

1566
01:12:51,640 --> 01:12:47,689
way that a small fragment could give a

1567
01:12:54,339 --> 01:12:51,650
brighter flash is if it exploded so much

1568
01:12:57,489 --> 01:12:54,349
higher in Jupiter stratosphere that it

1569
01:13:00,040 --> 01:12:57,499
was simply visible from the earth

1570
01:13:02,890 --> 01:13:00,050
because it was simply so much higher the

1571
01:13:04,330 --> 01:13:02,900
smaller the fragment is the higher up in

1572
01:13:07,509 --> 01:13:04,340
Jupiter's atmosphere is likely to

1573
01:13:09,160 --> 01:13:07,519
explode my guess is if these visual

1574
01:13:11,109 --> 01:13:09,170
observations are correct and that is a

1575
01:13:13,629 --> 01:13:11,119
huge if

1576
01:13:16,449 --> 01:13:13,639
if they're confirmed then my guess is

1577
01:13:21,159 --> 01:13:16,459
that they were the main impacting

1578
01:13:25,540 --> 01:13:21,169
fragment of a but can't be sure based on

1579
01:13:28,540 --> 01:13:25,550
that limited data set we're going to

1580
01:13:30,520 --> 01:13:28,550
hold other questions for now what we

1581
01:13:33,040 --> 01:13:30,530
would like to do is give the cameramen

1582
01:13:36,250 --> 01:13:33,050
and TV crews an opportunity to reset up

1583
01:13:38,799 --> 01:13:36,260
for a replay of the images and video

1584
01:13:40,719 --> 01:13:38,809
animation coming across and in just a

1585
01:13:44,350 --> 01:13:40,729
couple of minutes if you need that kind

1586
01:13:47,139 --> 01:13:44,360
of time to set up if you're ready to go

1587
01:13:49,359 --> 01:13:47,149
which is give a sign and we'll roll the

1588
01:13:51,129 --> 01:13:49,369
tape whenever you're ready and while

1589
01:13:54,129 --> 01:13:51,139
you're setting up on that just want to

1590
01:13:58,330 --> 01:13:54,139
make an announcement about our briefing

1591
01:14:00,879 --> 01:13:58,340
tomorrow to remind everyone the comet

1592
01:14:06,040 --> 01:14:00,889
update tomorrow well we hope have

1593
01:14:07,810 --> 01:14:06,050
information on e f and we may

1594
01:14:10,600 --> 01:14:07,820
conceivably have some sort of

1595
01:14:12,819 --> 01:14:10,610
information on G but I understand that's

1596
01:14:16,869 --> 01:14:12,829
that's pushing it for Hubble information

1597
01:14:18,489 --> 01:14:16,879
that's very close to the time that the

1598
01:14:21,279 --> 01:14:18,499
impact will have occurred so we may only

1599
01:14:22,989 --> 01:14:21,289
just know that it happened but whatever

1600
01:14:25,689 --> 01:14:22,999
we have at that time of course we will

1601
01:14:29,709 --> 01:14:25,699
make available as soon as we can other

1602
01:14:31,540 --> 01:14:29,719
observations from I RTF and from Kuiper

1603
01:14:33,009 --> 01:14:31,550
and other observatories of course we

1604
01:14:34,810 --> 01:14:33,019
will try to get that information and put

1605
01:14:36,429 --> 01:14:34,820
it out as soon as we can and have a

1606
01:14:38,770 --> 01:14:36,439
briefing on that tomorrow morning here

1607
01:14:42,609 --> 01:14:38,780
at Goddard at eight a.m. eastern time

1608
01:14:44,379 --> 01:14:42,619
and please stay tuned also to us for any

1609
01:14:46,479 --> 01:14:44,389
possible time changes or briefing

1610
01:14:49,600 --> 01:14:46,489
changes throughout the week if we have

1611
01:14:51,250 --> 01:14:49,610
an opportunity to include a report

1612
01:14:55,359 --> 01:14:51,260
that's more inclusive or has some better

1613
01:14:57,369 --> 01:14:55,369
images we may in fact go to a later time

1614
01:15:00,549 --> 01:14:57,379
in the day if that's necessary we'll put

1615
01:15:03,689 --> 01:15:00,559
out the word and please check with us

1616
01:15:07,319 --> 01:15:03,699
and we will let everyone know and I

1617
01:15:09,429 --> 01:15:07,329
think we're ready to roll the video and

1618
01:15:11,679 --> 01:15:09,439
at that point i think would like to

1619
01:15:13,359 --> 01:15:11,689
thank everyone for coming today and we

1620
01:16:19,540 --> 01:15:13,369
will see you tomorrow morning and Thank

1621
01:16:19,550 --> 01:16:51,260
you

1622
01:16:57,240 --> 01:16:55,979
when the second impact was due and we

1623
01:17:01,050 --> 01:16:57,250
thought a distinct signature of the

1624
01:17:05,340 --> 01:17:01,060
plume of one of the other one the

1625
01:17:08,160 --> 01:17:05,350
impacts and then subsequent images show

1626
01:17:13,169 --> 01:17:08,170
very bright features on the surface of

1627
01:17:15,930 --> 01:17:13,179
Jupiter at the impact sites incredibly

1628
01:17:19,010 --> 01:17:15,940
bright very clear the very spectacular

1629
01:17:21,120 --> 01:17:19,020
event one of the things that that

1630
01:17:23,550 --> 01:17:21,130
surprises is just how bright these

1631
01:17:25,530 --> 01:17:23,560
events are and so the thing that the

1632
01:17:27,840 --> 01:17:25,540
cake the advantage of the check has is

1633
01:17:29,850 --> 01:17:27,850
that can see much fainter things going

1634
01:17:32,640 --> 01:17:29,860
on and particular one of the experiments

1635
01:17:34,760 --> 01:17:32,650
that we did this evening that will take

1636
01:17:38,490 --> 01:17:34,770
some more time to analyze was looking at

1637
01:17:40,649 --> 01:17:38,500
jupiters ring and that has the advantage

1638
01:17:43,200 --> 01:17:40,659
is that by looking at reflected light

1639
01:17:45,390 --> 01:17:43,210
off the ring we can in a sense view the

1640
01:17:48,180 --> 01:17:45,400
impacts ice directly so hopefully when

1641
01:17:50,820 --> 01:17:48,190
we look at that data carefully we will

1642
01:18:01,930 --> 01:17:50,830
see the initial flash when the comet

1643
01:18:08,740 --> 01:18:05,920
the image that you're looking at is a

1644
01:18:10,840 --> 01:18:08,750
picture from the Keck telescope it's an

1645
01:18:13,720 --> 01:18:10,850
infrared picture at the wavelength of

1646
01:18:17,170 --> 01:18:13,730
3.3 microns which is about six times the

1647
01:18:19,420 --> 01:18:17,180
wavelength of visible light the features

1648
01:18:22,810 --> 01:18:19,430
that you see are the bright polar caps

1649
01:18:25,630 --> 01:18:22,820
which are always present and just as the

1650
01:18:30,910 --> 01:18:25,640
equator is the storm system in the red

1651
01:18:32,950 --> 01:18:30,920
spot but five thousand forty degrees is

1652
01:18:35,080 --> 01:18:32,960
our most prominent features which are

1653
01:18:37,240 --> 01:18:35,090
the aftermath of the comet impacts that

1654
01:18:38,860 --> 01:18:37,250
occur in early this evening the

1655
01:18:42,130 --> 01:18:38,870
brightest spot is the very first impact

1656
01:19:10,300 --> 01:18:42,140
the one at the end on the left-hand edge

1657
01:19:18,850 --> 01:19:14,470
how it very clearly had produced the new

1658
01:19:22,420 --> 01:19:18,860
cloud which was quite long when we

1659
01:19:24,940 --> 01:19:22,430
observed the plume from C was clearly at

1660
01:19:27,130 --> 01:19:24,950
the same latitude but at first very

1661
01:19:30,430 --> 01:19:27,140
difficult to distinguish from the the

1662
01:19:33,460 --> 01:19:30,440
cloud of a and as the planet rotated and

1663
01:19:35,890 --> 01:19:33,470
time passed the plume from sea became

1664
01:19:38,710 --> 01:19:35,900
very much brighter several times

1665
01:19:40,240 --> 01:19:38,720
brighter than that cloud the cloud from

1666
01:19:43,720 --> 01:19:40,250
the a fragment turned out to be about

1667
01:19:48,940 --> 01:19:43,730
the same brightness as the north and

1668
01:19:51,610 --> 01:19:48,950
south polar caps I'm very ecstatic about

1669
01:19:53,650 --> 01:19:51,620
any of this witnessing this is kind of

1670
01:19:56,800 --> 01:19:53,660
amazing and what what's amazing about

1671
01:19:58,710 --> 01:19:56,810
both of these is the fact that B and C

1672
01:20:00,970 --> 01:19:58,720
are both brothers faint objects

1673
01:20:04,780 --> 01:20:00,980
certainly in the turbulent drops in the

1674
01:20:07,480 --> 01:20:04,790
near infrared so f and g are known to be

1675
01:20:09,220 --> 01:20:07,490
much bigger much brighter and therefore

1676
01:20:11,290 --> 01:20:09,230
expect the mirror as they're both much

1677
01:20:50,959 --> 01:20:11,300
betta spriters biggest objects than a

1678
01:20:59,129 --> 01:20:55,469
so it's movie night we're looking for

1679
01:21:01,350 --> 01:20:59,139
something much i'm going to do that yeah